https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/25945/archive/files/be1810528559d33b843f50ba496934c5.pdf?Expires=1790208000&Signature=rF3-n4yG8%7E7%7EFfbTYIg4lF3I9h1K0tJKs3WUWNanPfRN80U2%7EJef1gKZ7OBr6grFQrnA6cu6x4IUaPSGrj7zM9l0YltKxuPficLMGO80qEMfsxlciuWbZbwh5FYrclyuy98eX2ISGs-sbqS28pPEuA0toqUwu7sfIkjEGB1RWe0X0AZ3u04VuJ16N9gifRFeGBEAYPQR8r0-HNO7BSPkGjE5gepOP5ctBgykqnOGn%7Ec4ue79h5g8i3z7gQfdFxx3y2Ay8b%7E0rO2x9wxU6AQUZjjK2duF7JNBSgnQoeVQHR7%7EZgW3bhr%7EhxLjjzKFGq1DBWUoNlcmY-a-k%7Ee-Ntdywg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 76431d3ba8e90b97fccc995c294e1d2a PDF Text Text �Wasuton-wi AUGUST The Harvest EDITORIAL INFORMATION THE SASKATCHEWAN Moon OFFICES The editorial of the Saskatchewan Indian have now been moved to a new location: 2nd floor , 31 O - 20th Street East Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7K OA7 All correspondence should be dirncted to the Editor of the Saskatchewan Indian . INDIAN The Saskatchewan Indian has an editorial staff of four covering the entire province of Saskatchewan . With different new stories , sporting events , and social activities to cover, Saskatchewan Indian reporters may not be able to attend all events local residents wish to have reported . In order to ensure that a reporter is available to cover your event , please notify the editor of the Saskatchewan Indian well in advance of tt1e event . Last minute arrangements will not be acceptable. DISPLAY ADVERTISING RATES Full Page . . ... $600.00 Half Page . 300 .00 Quarter Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 50 .00 Columnar Inch. . .. ... ..... 75 .00 Inquiries about advertising, display cover should be mailable to : The -20th Street East , Saskatoon , 652-9150 . Advertising deadlines following edition. ads and prices for ads running full colour or the back Saskatchewan Indian , Advertising, 2nd floor, 310 Saskatchewan S7K OA7 , or telephone (306) are the 15th of each month for publication in the DEADLINES Deadlines for all editorial material , that is; stories , photographs , letters, events , will •be the 15th of each month for publication in that month's edition late material will be held and used the following month. �TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL INTERNATIONAL FSIN, Central Americans Sign Pact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Indian Mining Exploration Co. Expanding . . . ......... .. .. .. ... 5 NATIONAL Erasmus, New National Chief of AFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PTNA may be Expanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Ahenakew on 'Leaked Document' . .. . . . . ..... ...... . ..... . . 8 AFN Election Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 AFN Conference - Photo Journal ....... . ... . .............. 10 Looking Back . ... . . . ... ...... . .. . ...... .................. 14 Indian Loan Agency Gets $2. 6 Million .... . .... . . ... . . .. .... 1 5 'Colonial Policy' Impacts on Aboriginal Rights and Title ...... ... 17 P.A. Hosts National Assembly of Friendship Centres . . . . . . . ... 19 Dividing Issues .......... . . . . .. . ...... .. . ....... . .. . . ... 20 First Nations Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 First Nations Economic Development . . . . .... . . ... . ... . . . ... 22 Objectives of the Constitutional Process . .. .. ......... ...... 24 Indian Government Is ... ... . ..... . . . . . . .. .. .... .. ........ 25 PROVINCIAL Green Peace Movement Out to Skin Trapping Industry . . . . ... . 27 'Circle of the Sun' Counselling Program .......... . .. ........ 28 Saskatchewan Youth Heritage Days ... .. .. . .. .... . . . . . .. . . 29 FSIN Economic Development Commission . . ... . ..... . . . . ... . 30 LETTERS REGIONAL Fort Qu'Appelle/Touchwood/File Hills District ... . . . .. . .. . . . . . . 32 Prince Albert District .. . ... . ....... . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . 32 North Battleford District .. . . . . .... . . . . ... ... . ...... . . . . . . 39 Saskatoon District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Yorkton District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ENTERTAINMENT Indian Pow-wow Results . ......... Book Review . .. . . . .. .............. . ..... . . ... . . . .. . ..... . 4 7 . . ...... . . . ... ... . .. . 54 ELDERS BOX .. ..... .... ........ ... .. ......... ..... .. ......... 55 POETRY ... ..... .... ........ .. .... .. ...... .... ...... ......... .. 56 , 1 The Saskatchewan Indian magazine is the official monthly publication of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations. The editorial offices are located at 2nd Floor, 310 - 20th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7K 0A7. The magazine has a second ~class registration number 2795. The newsmagazine is intended to serve as an effective communication vehicle for Indian opinion in the province of Saskatchewan. Since the magazine represents divergent views from Indians in this province, signed articles and opinions are the views of the individuals concenred and not necessarily those of the Federation. Submit all those materials for publication to The Editor - The Saskatchewan Indian, Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, 310 - 20th Street East, 2nd Floor, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7K 0A7, before the 15th of each month for publication that month. Editorial Board Sol Sanderson Doug Cuthand Elsie Roberts Felix Musqua Publication Co-ordinator Edgar Thomas Editor Bryan Tootoosis Reporters Deanna Wuttunee Archie King Shelley Roberts Secretary Mary-Ann Ketchemonia FRONT PAGE COVER Pre-Press Production Graphic -Arts Department Sask. Indian Cultural College Marie Antsinen, 97, Lac La Hache Band photographed by Bryan Tootoosis Printed By Houghton -Boston Printers Saskatoon, Sask. �EDITORIAL Perspectives on the Assembly of First Nations Vancouver ConferenceJ JulyJ 1985 Former AFN Chief David Ahenakew by Ruth M. Ahenakew New AFN Chief George Erasmus The National Indian Brotherhood was formed to unite Indians in their fight against the Federal Government's 1969 White Paper Policy. From this, the Assembly of First Nations evolved in order to further the common goals of the First Nations across Canada. It now appears that the Assembly is deeply divided as evidenced by the recent election in Vancouver. The meeting concluded with the manifestation of two distinct positions: the Title and Treaty groups versus the "claims and compromise" groups. George Erasmus argued that the "Natives" of this country must unite in an amalgamation of all aboriginal groups with varying interests, and then proceed in negotiations with federal and provincial governments. David Ahenakew strongly endorsed the inherent Treaty Title position, stating that our treaties are with the Crown and not the provincial governments, which should be excluded from negotiations and issues affecting the Indians. Under the leadership of Chief David Ahenakew great strides were made within the Assembly of First Nations towards the realization of Indian self-determination. Ahenakew is a firm believer in the Bilateral Process. He fought to unify the interests of all parties in the Constitutional talks and the First Ministers' forum. Strong leadership was displayed at the National Leadership Conference. The new leader of the organization which represents Canada's 350,000 status Indians is clearly setting a dangerou precedent. He intends to enter into negotiations with third parties, namely the provincial governments. Such an intent is a weakening of the Treaty position. Unfortunately, it parallels the continous attempts of the federal government to extinguish aboriginal title, and to turn federal responsibilities over to the provinces. In this neo-colonial scheme of things, Treaty Indians would become another "ethnic minority" under the guises of multi-culturalism and liberal democratic notions of' 'equality''. As for self-government, the federal government envisages Indian First Nations becoming mere municipalities. This devolution approach to Indian self-determination exemplifies the concerted attempts of the federal and provincial governments to define and control the political will oflndian people. It falls cynically short of recognizing the sovereignty of the First Nations of Canada. Curiously, the government of Canada is in of itself devolutionary by nature. It derives power from the Crown via the British Parliament. However, the Indian First Nations of this land gain their power from Indian people themselves. This power is inherent and recognized internationally as a _basis for sovereignty. Treaties are legally binding agreements according to the principals of international law. ''Nations make Treaties, Treaties don't make Nations.'' The government has pushed integration, assimilation, domination and termination on the Indian people. Despite this shunning, the will and desire to survive as peoples strongly continues. Government officials must 2 �EDITORIAL learn to reciprocate by placing an equally serious priority on the Bilateral Process. The First Nations of this country meet the criteria used internationally to determine the sovereignty of nations. A nation is a group of people with a common history, culture and language, with a territory and government. Sovereignty is the purest basis of political power and comes from within a people. Indian Government is the machinery through which the First Nations exercise their sovereignty. The federal and provincial governments refuse to recognize the political autonomy of each First Nation. Autonomy is the exercising of Indian self government without external interference. Yet this is inconsistent with the relationship between the French and English of this country. Canada accommodates both French and English institutions with relative ease, as indicated by the existence of the French civil code and English common law within the justice system. Yet, we see no positive recognition of the original inhabitants of Canada. Rather, there is the continual erosion of their basis human rights. Observation of the election proceedings in Vancouver indicate the apparent choices each First Nation must make. Each must decide to either assert their sovereign rights and uphold their inherent treaty title position , or to negotiate at the comprehensive claims table . Indian people must stop reacting to Canada's interpretation of our right to choose our paths, to make our own alliances. The federal government ' s insistence on demanding one "Native" voice to speak for the many and often divergent interests is an artifice and denial of First Nations sovereignty. Historically, First Nations have always formed alliances. During the 1800's , the Cree and Saulteaux made the Iron Nations Alliance. That alliance was the forerunner of the present day Prairie Treaty Nations Alliance, and was concerned with matters of trade, war and politics. So a First Nations Alliance is not a new invention, but an old one, born of necessity . A current example of an alliance structure begins with the Sandy Lake Band . It is a member of the Four Nations Alliance, also known as the Shellbrook Agency. In turn, these Bands are allied within the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations. Their participation extends to the Prairie Treaty Nations Alliance, and in all probability to the World Council of Indigenous Peoples International forum. The recent election makes the underlying differences within the First Nations more strong1y defined. The structure of the Assembly of First Nations cannot accommodate these differences, but this is not a negative things in itself. First Nations will likely continue to address their concerns through varied means. Because the priority of First Nations is the inherent Treaty position, groups such as the Coalition of First Nations and the Prairie Treaty Nations Alliance will move towards addressing their common concerns. It will be difficult for George Erasmus to unify the Assembly. His affiliation with the Dene Nation - which is an "actively negotiating claimant group", could prejudice his ability to represent the First Nations who have not consented to participate in negotiations under the "claimant" policy. A recent indication of things to come is the "Buffalo Jump of the 1980's", also known as the Neilsen Report. An analysis prepared by the FSIN shows that 75% of the recommendations of this report are already being implemented, and this means that Indian people are ostensibly under provincial jusisdiction. Meanwhile, the federal government contends that this is not policy. Yet, it must have some significance in the new government directive because a civil servant has been fired and charged for being sympathetic and responsible to Indians as trust clients. The federal government continues to employ the neo-colonial strategy of pitting First Nations against each other, which is what the land claims policy does. It is evident that the land claims policy is a dead end. One only has to look at Alaska and Northern Quebec to see the Native corporations going belly up. "Claimant" groups can only look forward to being sold, bought or traded like any other item on the market. The insidious nature of the land claims policy can only erode the First Nations inherent title and rights through final settlement agreements. Those that consent to participate under the terms and conditi _ons of this policy will be at odds with those First Nations that do not. 3 �INTERNATIONAL FSIN 1 Central Americans Sign Pact Saskatchewan Treaty Indians were linked this week by a new cooperation agreement with 20-million Indigenous people of South America. It was signed in Saskatoon between the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (FSIN) and the Central American Indian Regional Council after a year of negotiation. The three year old Central American Council represents 22 different Indian groups in Belize, Costa Rica, Mexico, Guatemala , Nicaragua, and Panama. The agreement between the two Indian organizations formalizes ex- changes of information and expertise in areas of economic, education, health and political development. Its purpose is to assist each other in: developments for the welfare and wellbeing of their people. The Central American Council is very interested in the way Saskat - INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS The InternationalBill of Human Rights includesthefollowing Convenantsand Protocols: z) The InternationalConvenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ii) The InternationalConvenanton Civil and Political Rights iii) Optional Protocolto the InternationalConvenanton Civil and Political Rights The First Nations of Canadabelievethat Canadais in breachof the Convenantson Human Rights since Canada becamea signatoryto these Convenantsin 1976. The spirit and intent of the InternationalBill on Human Rights is beingignoredby Canadauntil such time as thefollowing principles, that will form the basis of a renewedrelationshipwith First Nations are affirmed in CanadianLaws and in the Constitution: 1. Recognitionof Sovereignty 2. InherentRights 3. InternationalStatus and Rights 4. Jurisdictions and Extra Te"itorial Rights 5. PoliticalAutonorrry 6. First Nations Participationin the World Community 7. InternationalRelationshipsfor First Nations 8. Promotionof Rights and Freedomsof First Nations 9. First Nations Trade and Commerce First Nations of Canadamust in turn activelyand diligentlycontinueto pursue and promote thesebasicprinciplesof the relationshipthey enteredinto with Canadaas confirmed by the Royal Proclamationof 1763 and the Treaties. 4 �chewan Indians have organized themselves. ''Central American Indians are not well identified as a cultural group.'' Rolando Ramirez said. He is the International Affairs Co-ordinator for the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College. The Council looks to use the FSIN as a model for developing its own political structure. This would include the types of integrated Institutions connected with the FSIN, like the Saskatchewan Indian Federated College and Indian Business Management corporations, Ramirez said. Besides setting a political and organizational example, FSIN will financially assist the southern group, although exact details on how it will do so are not yet negotiated, he said. "There is a lot developmental aid going to Central America from the Canadian Government,'' Remirez said. ' 'We think some of this should be channelled through (Canadian)Indian groups to help with such projects as FSIN is taking on,'' he said. (the ·central American Council also hopes to receive aid from the Canadian International Development Agency.) The agreement, however, will be a twoway street. Saskatchewan Indians may benefit from the expertise of, for example, a Costa Rican Indian group which conducts a literacy program by radio to remote areas of that country. Remirez said the agreement is partially significant in views of the wars and tremendous political and economic problems currently harming Central America. Such conflicts are delaying the economic development of Central American Indigenous people. Neither the Central American Indian Council nor FSIN will take a partisan stand on any of the political conflicts in the southern countries. Both groups will promote only resolution of conflict, Remirez said. Another issue of shared interest to both parties is Indian exploitation of natural resources, perhaps jointly he added. Both groups will appoint a representative to implement the agreement, which they hope to do quickly. The next meeting between the two will be in Costa Rica in September. With the Central American pact, the Saskatchewan Federation has now concluded four \nternational cooperative agreements with groups of indigenous people and minority nationalities. Its other agreements are with the South American Indian Council, signed in 1983 in Bolivia: the U niversity of Inner Mongolia: in China: and the Central Institute of Nationalities, in Peking. Canada's First Indian Mining Exploration Co. Expanding by Deanna Wuttunee An Indian mining/ exploration company, Red Earth Energy Ltd., has launched its first business transaction across the border, according to president Alvin Head, August 9. A joint venture with an Indian tribe in Oklahoma initiated by the Red Earth Band for a gas pipeline has set a significant precendent. The move opens U.S. doors for business transactions with American tribes on a nation to nation business. Red Earth is 400 kilometres east of Nipawin. ing at is growth so that you have substance behind the company.'' said Alvin Head. Desire to control and own its own resources and desire to form a capital asset base prompted the band to set up their own company. The band generated funds for exploration ventures through an initial offer of 800,000 shares on the stock exchange. The company, REEL, which was incorporated in 1982, was the first Indian owned company to offer shares to the Canadian public and seek a listing on a stock exchange. The junior base company is listed in the Vancouver Stock Exchange and suffered starter problems but most stockholders have hung onto their shares. "We feel its stabilized now (the shares). We've left it hanging. If it drops 25-30 , then we'll pick it up. But the point is not . to make business maneuvers to raise the shares on the stock market. The thing we're look- President Alvin Head, Red Earth Energy Ltd. 5 But 750,000 escrowed shares were held in trust for them so that they could have controlling interest. This maneuvered $150,000 into the band coffers. The capital gave them the green light to explore uranium prospects in Red Earth and gold deposits in northeastern Manitoba. They own 60 % share in a mineral claims company there. Another exploration priority is the helium deposits on the reserve. Helium content in a gas sample revealed a 89-90% range. This is ten times higher than any known helium occurance. REEL has also applied for a loan from a Saskatchewan Indian financial institution to undertake exploration work in Wekusko, Manitoba and in southern Saskatchewan. However, these are short term obligations. The long term objective will be to help other Indian bands in Canada and the U.S. to develop mineral, gas and oil resources. "It's a slow process but we're getting there. We're going to make it." said Alvin Head. �NATIONAL Erasmus 1 New Nat ional Chief of AFN ' they hold sacred. He added that the political interference of the Conservative governments of this country were ruthless and actively try to weaken our nationhood. He also urged defiance of Bill C -31 so that Indian people can retain their cultural heritage. First Nations have sovereignty over their citizenship, he said. There were three other candidates for the national leadership. Simon Lucas, Chief of the Hesquait tribe of B. C .determined the direction of the associ ation by pledging his 69 votes to Erasmus. Graydon Nicholas, President of the Union of New Brunswick Indians, a late entry, finished fourth with 44 votes . Ernie Daniels of the Ojibway Nation in Manitoba received 10 votes. Daniels,' 'wanted a recount.'' The elections were originally scheduled for Wednesday, July 31. However, the Ontario delegation made a motion which was passed to move the elections to Tuesday. The general assembly did not end in unity. lmmed~tely following the election and throughout the next morning about 100 chiefs were meeting elsewhere to discuss Ahenakew' s platform of protection of inherent rights and title. There was representation from all provinces, with the exception of Quebec. Further meetings were planned to discuss their future and prepare for the September meeting with the Prime Minister of Canada. Erasmus in victory speech. by Deanna Wuttunee Saskatchewan's David Ahenakew failed to retain his chieftainship in the Assembly of First Nations held in Vancouver, July 30. He lost by a narrow margin, 2 74-231, in the second ballot to Georges Erasmus of the Northwest Territories. Erasmus, 36, past president of the Dene Nation (1976-1983) called for unity among all aboriginal people, status and non-status Indian, Metis and Inuit. He saw his win as an acceptance of that joint responsibility. ''One of the first things I want to do is to talk to those people that did not vote for me and make it very clear that this organization will represent them as fairly as anyone else. All reg1ons can expect that this organization will defend their rights, whether you come from an area that has treaties or an area that doesn't, whether you want your treaty rights or your title or your aboriginal title to be defended. We will be united on those things.'' he told the 506 delegates that attended the meeting. Ahenakew arrived and warned delegates to continue the work ·to adhere to the principles and rights that Georges Erasmus being sworn in as the new National Chief of AFN. 6 �fired unless they can negotiate a deal with the new leader. The investigation into Ahenakew' s administration will determine how the AFN defecit of $851,ooo was accrued when there was a surplus of $312,000 the year before. However, Erasmus estimated the total defecit may be as high as $3 million. He proposed a full disclosure of the outcome and will seek federal aid to deal with it. Only half of the assembly met on the final day. Failing to reach a quorum, resolutions were passed by consensus. Dave Ahenakew and Georges Erasmus both have considerable experience in leadership roles. David has served as an FSIN Chief and has received numerous awards and commemorations for public service. Georges was a President of the Dene Nation for the past seven years com ing to the forefront when a pipeline and development project was proposed for the North's MacKenzie Valley. Both will need all their skills to pursue their conflicting goals . Hon. Dav id Crombie, Minister for Indian Affairs & Northern Development, did not attend the AFN Conference in Vancouver, B.C. Meanwhile, Erasmus secured the financial records of Ahenakew ' s administration in Ottawa and launched a spending probe especially those pertaining to the last four months . Locks have been changed and staff from Ahenakew's administration will be Candidate Simon Lucas in the election line-up . PTNA May Be Expanded PTNA press conferencein Saskatoon, Aug. 8. by Deanna Wuttunee The three day conference of the Assembly of First Nations, AFN, ended on a bitter note in Vancouver, August 1. Newly elected National Chief, Georges Erasmus and encum .. bant David Ahenakew were divided on strategy to wm constitutional rights. Abandoning the assembly, the Prairie Treaty Nations Alliance (PTNA), and members of the Coalition of First Nations (CFN) met to discuss a series of meetings which may culminate in the expansion of PTNA. The PTNA represents Saskatchewan, parts of Alberta, Manitoba and Northwestern B. C. ' 'We are here to establish a course not as opposed to AFN but to protect the rights we are concerned about,'' said Felix Musqua, First VicePresident of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (FSIN). The CFN signed a declaration on November 18, 1981, rejecting participation in the three First Ministers' Conferences in 1982. They disagreed in the involvement of the provinces and other aboriginal groups identifying and defining aboriginal and trea7 ty rights. Membership in the CFN includes representation from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and part of Manitoba and Alberta . By consensus, the maverick group decided to meet in Winnipeg, August 8-9, to coincide with the PTNA meeting. FSIN has offered to coordinate the first two meetings. Chief Sol Sanderson asked that each area send a representative's name to work in the co-ordinating committee . The chiefs of this forum were concerned that a joint effort with the Metis will dilute their rights and weaken their position for constitutional entrenchment of those rights. Their position was that Indian Nations have a trust relationship with the Crown in perpetuity . The treaties are non-negotiable. Following the meeting, Chief Sol Sanderson made an announcement to the general assembly informing them �of their remain for the Bill couver council PTNA position. However, they will within the national association present. Wilson, representing VanIsland's Mugamagw tribal went on record to invite the to meet with the new national chief to develop ways so that they can work out their membership within the association and stand shoulder to shoulder as a united organization. Erasmus is downplaying the split within the national organization which represents Canada's 350,000 Indians. ''It was inevitable, I'm confident that given time and a lot of work with the Indian chiefs to show them what we can accomplish, that the vast majority would come around,'' he said. Ahenakew on 'Leaked Document' by Deanna Wuttunee During the opening ceremonies of the Assembly of First Nations Conference held in Vancouver, July 29-August 1, David Ahenakew pleaded with the delegation of Chiefs to rally in support around Richard Price. Ahenakew and the FSIN are still adamant on that decision. Richard Price was a sen10r manager for the Indian Affairs Department and has been charged with breach of trust and fraud by the Mulroney administration. It could earn him a five-year jail term. Price · allegedly leaked a document which outlined $312 million in cuts to native services such as housing, educatioh, health, and land claims programs. However, the government has denied that this was official policy. '' As the leaders of the First Nations, we will not rest until every 1 of the officials responsible for the document, who are the real criminals in this matter, are officially dismissed from office and charged with counselling breach of trust and authoring hate propaganda,'' Ahenakew told the Assembly. Jim Fulton, a New Democratic native affairs critic, produced the document in the House of Commons, May 8. It was a report for cabinet by a task force established under Deputy Minister, Eric Nielson. "The fact that the document has 8 Chief David Ahenakew resulted in formal arrest suggests it is official government policy.'' said Ahenakew. �DAVID AHENAKEW (lncumbant Chief) GEORGE ERASMUS (New Chief of AFN) 9 �1 10 ��• 12 �13 �Looking Back. . . FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION Bottom row, left-right: David Courchene, Manitoba,· Walter Deiter, Saskatchewan; Guy Williams , Mainland , B. C. ,· Top row, leftright: Yukon delegate,· Andrew Nicholas, New Brunswick,· Omar Peters, Ontario,· Phillip Paul, B. C.; and Harold Cardinal, Alberta. by Deanna Wuttunee Walter Dieter, 69, of the Peepeekeesis Reserve, was the first Chief of the National Indian Brotherhood (NIB) - the founding national Indian lobby association. He was elected Chief from NIB' s establishment in 1968 to 1971 . There were seven founding members of this confederation and represented Treaty Indians from the Yukon, B.C., New Brunswick, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan. In the three-year period when Walter was Chief, there were four elections. The elections served as incentives to persuade other provincial organizations to join. '' The organization (AFN) is now worse off than ever because it is ~l split up. To rectify this situation, we should get a new slate of officers and change the leadership. Erasmus has the non-Treaty following which represents two-thirds of the whole while David Ahenakew has the Treaty votes. This is why we lost (the election)," he said. '' Chances of entrenching constitutional rights are set. But the interpretation of Treaty rights will reflect white input and forget the strength which were based on the spirit and intent of the Treaties. To white people, everything is now a commodity . '' he added, in reference to provincial participation in the multi-lateral talks. To Walter, the Indian self is immersed in spirituality. Nothing belongs to him but is a gift of the Creator and belongs to everyone. Therefore it was easy for white people to take over lnctian land. "But they weren't so smart. When they made Treaties, they promised 14 everything to the Indians. Now they can't come through with those promises . ' ' Dieter said. ''Therefore land claims never existed until Indian people were educated and began to understand that they were being brainwashed by the system through religion and education. ''Now Indian people understand the proper interpretation and intent of the Treaties and want the white invaders to keep their promises. Georges Erasmus figure he's going to do it. It sounds good but action is the name of the game,'' he added. Walter is the founder of the Na tional Veteran's Association, holder of an Order of Canada award ( 1980) and has devoted the last two decades to the cause of self-determination for Indian people . He is married and has five children. �B.C.'s Twin Tracking On Hold The Alliance of Tribal Councils is once more at an impasse with the CNR and the matter of double tracking the existing rail line. CNR is adamant that it will proceed to construct the second rail line according to its legal rights without further negotiation. On June 14, 1985 an Alternative Design Concept for the Ashcroft Subdivision, mile 59-69, was delivered to CNR . This was developed by Keith Henry , Consultant Engineer, for the Alliance. This design concept eliminated enroachment into th~ river therefore by meeting the approval of the Alliance. CNR has rejected this design concept. CNR , a Crown Corporation , has taken upon itself to ignore the very basic and fundamental rights of Indian people , our way of life, our culture . It ignores our aboriginal right to fish , to destroy Indian fishing grounds and trails, to destroy natural spawning and habitat sites, burial sites and heritage sites. It ignores the reserved Indian fisheries. It has disregard for our environment . A last minute attempt was made to try to arrive at a solution to the impasse . Dr . Andy Thompson , Facilitato r, forwarded a report on the si t uation to the Ministers of Transport , Fisheries and Oceans , and ~---- ~-- Alliance of Tribal Councils at a news conference. the Minister of Indian Affairs. The report is factual and contains strong recommendations. There has been no response from the Ministers to this date. There is a Trust obligation with the Government of Canada to protect the rights of Indian people. The decision of the Supreme Court in the Musqueam case ruled that the Government of Canada has indeed obligations to the Indian people of the highest possible order. The Alliance has exhausted all avenues in an attempt to arrive at a satisfactory arrangement with the CNR . We have abided by all our committments to try and resolve this matter. We cannot scarifice anything more. There is much more to this than CNR concerns itself with. The Alliance of Tribal Councils will once more proceed to court . We have rights too. '\ COURT HALTS RAIL WORK VANCOUVER (CP) - The B.C. Supreme Court has ordered Canadian National Railway to halt work on a 13-kilometre stretch of its double project until native concerns about damage to the Thompson River can be explored at a full trial . Mr. Justice B. Macdonald agreed Monday with arguements put forward by Leslie Pinder, Lawyer for three Indian bands, that the natives own the riverbed adjacent to their reserve land. The judge reminded the court that the natives had suggested alternative construction methods for the project, but CN said the Indians' suggestions would have added $9 million to the cost. Pinder argued that hearing that the project , which calls for the new track to be built partly on fill placed in the river, would disrupt the Indians ' traditional fishing area . Indian Loan Agency Gets $2.6 Million by Deanna Wuttunee The minister defines the philosophy behind the Native Economic Development Program. 15 An Indian farm loan institution will get $2. 6 million from the federal government , said Small Business Minister, Andre Bissonnette on August 7. The money is from a federal pool of $345 million form the Native Economic Development Program designed to accelerate self-reliance among Canada's native and aboriginal groups. The Saskatchewan -Indian Loan Company Ltd . , of Regina will administer the funds which will go to Saskatchewan farmers for operating costs and equipment purchases. The loan company's president Ken �Councillor Harold Derickson of the Westbank Indian Band in B. C. reviews his band 's efforts to establish a trust company . Thomas was also appointed to the Board of Directors for the Native Economic Development Program (NEDP). Ken is a senior executive in a number Saskatchewan business. Mr. Thomas graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Saskatchewan. Federal Minister Bissonnette added that the philosophy of NEDP was to encourage the establishment of loan institutions and help start new businesses as a means to greater selfsufficiency. Consequently, the Central Interior Trust Company of British Columbia will also get almost seven million which will reflect native concerns in economic development for their area. The tribal council raised $400,000 to set up the company. Harold Derikson, treasurer of the trust Company said: "Some of the large financial institutions today are incapable of looking at some of the problems we face especially when it relates to projects on reserves.'' The Saskatchewan Indian Nations Company (SINCO) also received $483,000 for expansion. SINCO was established to represent the interests Federal Minister of Small Business, Andre Bissonnette announcingfederal contributions for economic development in Sask . First Nations Law and Government Conference co-hosted by Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Institute for First Nations Law and Government Ken Thomas , Chite{ Lake, was appointed to the national board for N. E . D. P. of 43 Saskatchewan bands in the industrial economic area. "I was very impressed with SINCO. It has good organization, good management and I'm sure the results will be fantastic. I was very happy to visit there this morning,'' said Bissonnette. A total of $615,000 was also granted to the Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies for a scholership program for metis and non-status students. To date, NEDP has given out $17 .4 million in grants in the past year. Correction: Profile story of Eddy Poitras was written by Debbie Pinay and not by Deanna Wuttunee as credited in the July issue of The Saskatchewan Indian publication. Saskatoon Inn, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan October 1 - October 4, 1985 For more information contact: Notice Carol Parenteau (306) 652-9150 or Linda Opoonechaw (306) 764-3368 16 The Saskatchewan Indian magazine is asking Saskatchewan Indian people to submit information pertaining to activities, events or special functions , that you want mentioned in the next edition of the publication . �'Colonial PolicyJ Impacts on Aboriginal Rights and Title The Indian-Inherent Rights and Title recognized by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and confirmed by our Treaties, are the same rights and title that other First Nations are attem pt in g to assert. However, there is one glaring difference. They are attempting to resolve their rights using the colonial policy of Aboriginal Rights. This policy was designed in England and other European countries to extinguish rights of original people, not only here in Canada, but where ever they exist in the world. The term '' aboriginal'' is coined by the politicians , and it is a political term that has no legal definition. The Courts have refused to define the term " aboriginal" . Our Treaties ' recognition of the Nation to Nation, Government to Government process is required to resolve the outstanding business between the First Nations and CANADA. The Supreme Court in the Musqueam Case, recognized that Indian Title pre-exists any other legal title, including any legal title created by the Crown. The same case , also confirmed that the Crown in Right of Canada does have a "Fiduciary Trust" responsibility to Indian Nations. At the present time there are two other cases in the Courts and they are being based on Aboriginal Title. The First Case involves the Temagami Band of Indians and their Chief, Gary Potts. In the Courts of Ontario the Bands lost a claim to 6, 400 square kilometers in the northeast corner of that province . The Second Case involves the Indian people from the West Coast , in British Columbia, and their claim impacts on Mears Island. The Indian people won in court, and now the Province of British Columbia is appealing. Following the Assembly of First Nations' conference in Vancouver, B. C., these two articles appeared in The Sun, which is a paper published in Vancouver, B.C. One of the major problems is that in each case the First Nations affected are attempting to assert a claim to the Lands and Resources, against the Governments. In each case they attempt to make the claim based on the colonial rules, that are designed to extinguish Indian Title. The courts do not have the jurisdiction to address land rights, all the courts can do is address compensation. THE JUNGLE OF 'ABORIGINAL TITLE' by Vaughn Palmer in Victoria Aboriginal title is often posited as if it were self-evident: the natives were here first, therefore they own the province ''lock, stock, and barrel,'' as the chief of the · Nishga band once put it. But in practice a claim of aboriginal title leads into a legal labyrinth, from which only the most intrepid pathfinders can emerge. One such journey was mapped out recently in the Ontario Supreme Court, when a native band lost a claim to 6,400 square kilometres in the northeast corner of that province. The B.C. government cites the Ontario case as evidence that native land claims can be successfully challenged in court. Quite likely the government will use similar arguments in the Meares Iland land claim, which comes up in B.C. Supreme Court in November. It will be up to the courts to decide whether any parts of the Ontario judgment apply to B. C. But the case is relevant in a general way because it shows the complex questions a court has to deal with as it hacks through the thickets of meaning that surround the term aboriginal title. The Ontario action, which pitted the provincial attorney-general against the Temagami band of Indians and their chief Gary Potts, was massive: a decade in the making, it took two years to drag the proceedings through the courts, consumed almost 120 days of hearings, and involved 3,000 exhibits. Mr. Justice D.R. Steele noted that the natives, funded by the federal government, "seemed to have had unlimited research resources and advanced even the most marginally rele17 vant evidence, to the extent that they swamped the court with material. " That may become the pattern for the Meares case too. Another way that the Potts case adumbrated what will happen in B. C. is the way it attracted political activists, self-styled experts and wellmeaning hangers-on. At one point the judge complained: "I believe that a small, dedicated, and well-meaning group of white P.eople, in order to meet the aspiratio~s of the current Indian defendants, has pieced together a history from written documents, archaeology, and analogy to other bands ... [which] affects the weight to be given to the evidence of non-Indian witnesses.' ' The most significant signposts provided by the Ontario judge were the preconditions he set for proving a claim. First, natives must establish which rights are legitimately involved. Then they must show that they are a legitimate descendant of a group that had those rights and that exercised them, on the land in question, up to the present day. Obviously this puts a substantial burden of proof on the natives. What rights were relevant to a people who were nomadic hunter-gatherers? The court heard suggestions that because the ancestors worked flint into tools, they were engaged in rudimentary manufacturing and that the making of copper bracelets represented the exercise of mining rights. But the judge limited the rights to those clearly granted to natives under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, at the end of the war between Britian and France. He noted these rights were limited by the context of the time, namely that his majesty granted only "traditional uses" - the right to hunt, trap, fish, forage, and to use trees and bark for heating and cooking, homes and canoes. These socalled " usufructory" rights fall well short of the claim of outright ownership implicit in most land claims. (Incidentally, there is some dispute whether even these rights apply to B. C. The province will argue that at the time of the Royal Proclamation, �B. C. was terra incognita on British maps. Can a proclamation include a place that doesn't exist at the time it is made?) Equally rigorous is the judge's demand that the claimants demonstrate that they are the legitimate inheritors of the rights in question. Remarkably, the native tradition of oral history is admissible as evidence of continuous occupancy and use. However, the court scorned the oral evidence in the Potts case, which was recited by Chief Potts himself. The judge noted that the chief, 38, had a white mother and a father who was of less than pure ancestry, that he didn't speak the native language, and that he had only begun assembling socalled oral history after he got interested in land claims. After sifting through a mountain of genealogical evidence, the judge decided the natives failed to prove that they even existed as an organized band at the time of the Royal Proclamation or for many years afterward. He also noted that the last legitimate band member had ceased to occupy the land claim area in 1962, therefore the natives had given up the exercise of their rights in any case. The judge did put some of the burden of proof on the Crown as well. If the natives can prove continuity of rights, then the Crown must prove that those rights have been extinguished by other means. The waters in the Ontario case were muddied by the presence of a treaty, which is not the case with land claims in B. C. However, the judge did find title can be surrendered by native · acquiescence in government actions or acceptance of government compensation. This part of the ruling may be significant for B.C. claims because the province insists that B. C. 's proliferation of Indian reserves constitutes a defacto substitute for the treaties that were used to transfer aboriginal claims in other provinces. In no sense is the Potts case the final word on aboriginal title. But it does show the burdens of proof that may be demanded of both sides in future actions and it allows one to make a prediction about the Meares case: it will not only be one of the most politically charged court actions in B. C. history, it will be one of the most fascinating. MEARES ISLAND: TITANIC COURTROOM BATTLE IN THE OFFING by Vaughn Palmer in Victoria Premier Bill Bennett's political advisers have been passing the word for months now that Indian land claims will be one of the major issues of the next provincial election. Opposition leader Bob Skelly seems to agree. He has taken the role oflndian affairs critic unto himself and he has already accused Mr. Bennett of trying to create a ''fear'' issue on land claims. If both leaders are right about the importance of the claims, then this fall's trial over the native claim to Meares Island is shaping up as one of the crucial court battles m provincial history. The Meares dispute has already proved to be a microcosm of the past two decades of social protest. The sitins pitted environmentalists, forestry critics, native leaders, and political activists of every stripe against the province's biggest forest company and its main ally, the provincial government. MacMillan Bloedel' s plan to log the island could not have come at a more sensitive time and place, given the widespread unemployment in the forest industry and that the 8, 500hectare island is smack in the middle of Mr. Skelly's constituency. The Supreme Court of Canada has ruled that there can be no logging until the full claim has been heard, so the stage is set for a titanic courtroom battle: MacMillan Bloedel and the B. C. government versus the natives and their supporters. The court will have to decide questions of law, the constitution, history, anthropology, the environment, forest management, and - like it or not - politics. The lawyers will have a field day. The Opposition would sooner native land claims were settled outside the courtroom. Mr. Skelly thinks the issue is too big, too sensitive, to be decided by the kinds of technical questions that. often swing court cases. He says the main issue is not a particular 18 piece of real estate, but the principle of aboriginal title. I think he would agree with the statement by former B.C. supreme court judge Tom Berger, in his book Fragile Freedoms: "To recognize aboriginal rights is to understand the truth of our own history, while for the native peoples, such recognition is the means by which they may achieve a distinct and contemporary life.'' Mr. Skelly argues that the government could overcome the biggest obstacle to settlement by recognizing the validity of title, Then it would be a matter of negotiating the best settlement possible, and he believes compensation would be much smaller than the "billions and billions of dollars'' predicted by AttorneyGeneral Brian Smith. He also believes such a settlement should be viewed as a benefit to society, since it would provide the natives with the resources to become productive and self-sufficient. The New Democrats tend to see the court action in no-win terms. If the Indian claim fails outright - unlikely, in the Opposition view - that won't cancel the need to do justice to the natives and it might produce bitterness at the bargaining table. But suppose the natives' claim succeeds a distinct possibility - then natives will have stronger cases in other claims, and the public may be provoked into backlash. Should the decision amount to a draw, then the two sides will still have to negotiate, as they would in the other two outcomes. So the Opposition says, why not begin negotiating now? I think the Socreds have mixed feelings about the Meares confrontation , and some of the government's advisers agree privately that there is a risk, since a native win in court would strenghten other claims - which cover much of the rest of the province, as Premier Bennett has said many times. But the prevailing government view is that the case will clarify the issue in the government's favor, while the outcome of negotiation based on prior recognition of aboriginal title would be far more expensive and politically risky. Attorney-General Smith in particular believes the native claim will fail, and his reputation is on the line �after many public statements to that fact. The government's strategy in the Meares case, and on the whole question of aboriginal title, can best be understood as a series of fall backs. Its first position is that aboriginal title never existed. The second holds that if it ever existed, it was extinguished. Then the government will argue that even if title still exists, it has very little meaning in terms of compensation because of history, practice , and circumstance . The next fallback is that even if the natives are entitled to substantial compensation, the federal government must provide it under the terms that brought B. C . into Confederation . And the fifth and final position, though seldom articlated, is that the public will never stand for the level of compensation expected by native leaders, and therefore little risk attaches to the effort to defeat the claims in court. One of the reasons for the Socred belief that the natives will fail is a decision last fall in which an Ontario court rejected a land claim on a number of grounds. I'll look at that action in detail tomorrow because it gives a flavor of the rich variety of issues involved in the concept of aboriginal title. Omar Peters Scholarship Winner Patrick Wilmont, 24, is from the Mic Mac Restigouche Reserve in Quebec . He attended a school for the blind in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He is presently in his last year at Dalhousie University in Halifax, where he is now enrolled in a Bachelor of Recreation Program. He has done much volunteer and community work for the blind, and for the Indian Youth in Canada and in the United States . Patrick is presently drafting a leadership program for youth. His long term goal is to be an example to other young Indian people, and to be, one day, Chief of his reserve. P.A. Hosts National Assembly of Friendship Centres by Shelley · Roberts Delgates, guests and observers from across Canada came into Prince Albert on July 18, for the National Assembly of Friendship Centres Conference. Delegates arrived in Prince Albert during the day of July 18. They were then registered at the Friendship Centre after their arrival. In the evening after the registration, the Wahpeton band hosted a Buffalo Bar- B-Q, at the Wahpeton reserve for the delegates and honored guests. The Bar- B-Q got under way with the Elders giving a pipe ceremony, in which only the men were allowed to participate. The opening prayers were then said by Elder David Knight. The prayer asked for guidance throughout the conference. Entertainment was provided for the guest's enjoyment by Jerry Greyeyes. A lot of good talent was displayed during that evening. Many speakers from across Canada spoke, giving thanks for the opportunity to attend the conference which gave them a chance to meet new people and see new surroundings. Stan Hovdebo and Mayor Dick Spencer gave a warm welcome to the delegates and guests. After the meal was over, the various Friendship Centre exchanged gifts in friendship. A gift was also given to Wahpeton' s Chief, Cy Standing. He received a beautiful painting in thanks for hosting the Bar- B-Q. After the give-aways were through, the Elders sent the guests and 19 000 delegates away with a prayer of guidance throughout the conference. The youth conference got under way Friday morning with Elder Dave Knight saying the opening prayer and giving the youth comments and advice. He comme\lted on the youth : "Do not ever be afraid of being Indian. Being Indian in this day and age may be hard, but push that aside and fight hard. Be proud that you are Indian.'' Many of the youth from across Canada had a chance to speak about some of the issues that they feel they are facing alone. The guest speakers spoke on topics such as: Indian Education, Indian Government Structures, and where the Indian youth stand today in our society. The you th were then separated into 12 different groups: the delegations from the provinces were mixed . They were asked to discuss some of the problems that they see in their own reserves among youth. After they had discussed a few of the problems in the small groups, they had an open discussion focusing on ways that they could try to solve these problems. Then, the elections followed in which they elected a representative from each province to represent them in upcoming conferences. After the elections were through, David Knight, along with another Elder sent the delegates away with prayers of guidance. The representatives were then invited to a supper in which they would all meet and speak of their responsibilities as provincial representatives. A dance was also held for the delegates. The dance on Friday night was held at the Dave Stuart Arepa. The bands were Mike Malcolm, and the second band was DC and the Country Boys. There was a dance held on Saturday night also and the band that played there was the C-Weed band from Manitoba. �Dividing Issues New AFN Chief, George Erasmus. by Deanne W uttunnee In the last issue, Saskatchewan's Premier Grant Divine said that a definition of Indian self-government was important for all native groups involved in the multi-cultural talks. This summarizes the provincial and federal position on the constitutional entrenment of native rights. New national leader of AFN , FIRST NATI ONS INTERESTS AGENDA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Inherent Rights & Title Treaties & Treaty Rights Aboriginal Rights & Title Indian Government Bi-lateral Relations Fiscal Relations & Guarantees Economic Relations Lands/Resources Services/Programs/ Institutions International Relations Citizenship/Membership Clear & Distinct Arrangements '\ Dave on the campaign trail. Georges Erasmus vows to beat them (provincial and federal governments) '' at their own game.'' He contends that Canada's aboriginal people must present a united front in constitutional negotiations to be credible. However, Chief David Ahenakew said in his opening address to the delegates at Vancouver: "The First Nations must not be railroaded into accepting the Canadian colonial agenda by being lumped together as aboriginal people because it will stymie our progress in trying to reach a solution for our concerns.'' According to FSIN, the following is a chart of conflicting agendas which exist between First Nations, aboriginal groups and the federal government. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MINISTER OF IN DIAN AND NATIVE AFFAIRS (Hon. D. Crombie) ADMINISTRATIVE AGENDA 1. Devolution 2. Block Funding (3rd Stream, etc.) 3. Extinguishment 4. Unilateral/Service Consultation 5. "Nat ive" Policy 6. Multi-Lateral 7. Amendments to the Indian Act on Membership 8. Colonial Policy 9. Band by Band (Community Based) (Divide & Rule) 10. Economic Intimidation 11. Cutbacks 12. "Buffalo Jump"1980 's MINISTER OF STATE FOR ABORIGINAL AFFAIRS (Hon. D. Crombie) POLITICAL AGENDA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. . 20 8 - Active Claims Review Claims Aboriginal Self-Government Block Funding ''Aboriginal'' Affair s Transfers to the Provinces C onsti tu tion/M ul ti-Lateral Native Policy Co-opting of Indian Leadership ABORIGINAL/NATIVE AGENDA NATIONAL METIS COUNCIL NATIVE COUNCIL OF CANADA INUIT TERRITORIAL COUNCIL SOME FIRST NATIONS 1. Claims Settlements 2. $89,000,000 Million Loans 3. Claims Committee (Chief G. Erasmus) 4. Northwest Regional Constitutional Forum 5. Ten Boundaries 6. C.W.G. (Some First Nations) 7. Aboriginal Summit (Some First Nations) 8. Multi-Lateral (Some First Nations) 9. Amalgamation of Positions 10. Native ''Participation & Representation " 11. Native Priorities 12. No Distinct Arrangements 13. "Native" Funding 14 . Loans/ Advances or Settlements for Lands �First Nations Education . .. A National Review oflndian Education was mandated by the Chiefs of Canada in Annual Assembly. The review is at all times governed by the following principles: (1) Treaty and Aboriginal Obligation The provision by the Crown of financial resources for the support of First Nations education is an obligation of the Crown under Treaty and Aboriginal Rights and Titles. (2) Crown Trust Responsibility The financing of First Nations education structures is an integral part of the Crown's trust responsibility . (3) Primacy of Band Government Arrangements respecting First Nations education must recognize the primacy of Band Governments. ( 4) Constitutional and Legislative Recognition and Protection Arrangements in support of First Nations structures must be established permanently through recognition and protection in the Constitution and appropriate federal legislation. (5) Protection and Sovereignty First Nations Indian Governments will protect and strengthen their inherent sovereignty and their Nation ' s polity including the preservation of culture. (6) Accountability to Constituents of Indian Governments Accountability within the education fiscal relationships must respect the complete legislative policy and regulatory powers oflndian First Nations Governments necessary to fully exercise their responsibility to their members. Accountability will be to the constituents of the Indian Governments. The National Review is currently a comprehensive review of four major aspects of Indian education: • Jurisdiction over education, including the parameters control, sources of authority, legislation, historical analysis, roles of federal, provincial and Indian governments. • Management of education as currently undertaken by federal and provincial governments and Indian governments; includes policies, administrative structures , political structures, models, community involvement. • Quality of Education including present problems, innovative solutions and needs in education. Di verse concerns such as curriculum, standards, evaluation, facilities capital , tuition agreements, teacher hiring, parental involvement and transportation are under examination. • Funding systems and formulas as administered by federal and provincial governments and a study of their impacts on Indian education at the community level. Funding formulas based on needs will be designed following a critical analysis of the data base system and block funding. Under the supervision and policy direction of a Chiefs' Committee and the National Indian Education Council comprised of Indian professional educators who form a joint management committee, the national review staff and resource personnel are concentrating on: • Assembly and coalition of Indian educational resource materials; • Construction of Indian education legislation ; • Development of Indian education policy , standards and quality control; • Financing and administration of Indian education. Additionally , specific research and selected studies of community education by Region is underway to identify educational requirements, philosophies and suitable approaches to meet local situations. In each region, First Nations Indian government authorities have developed specialized structures and processes to undertake the intensive and detailed review and policy and legislative development required for total implementation of First Nations Control of Education. 21 Specific action is now essential on several major educational matters: (1) First Nations Education Institutional Development Establishment of educational and developmental institutions will serve to entrench the First Nations as permanent stewards of First Nations Education. A concentrated effort is required to ensure that the jurisdiction for First Nations Education resides with the First Nations governments . '\ (2) First Nations Educational Facilities - Codes and Standards A sub-standard educational environment hinders the learning process. Facilities for First Nations Education must be equal to those enjoyed by all Canadians . (3) Federal - First Nations Government Education Fiscal Arrangements In many ways , fiscal arrangements are at the heart of First Nations control of all jurisdictional issues. Long-term fiscal arrangements on a basis equivalent to other provincial and federal arrangements providing for the capital, operational and developmental requirements of the educational systems must be made a priority by the First Nations and the Federal Government. First Nations Government-Federal Government Action On all matters , it must be recognized that specific action and initiatives are required by the First Nations and Federal Government . A major obstacle to progress is the widespread misconception that initiatives by either party will necessarily advance or complement First Nations Control. Each Government must be dedicated to a process and a schedule which, while sharing some long-term objectives, will not delay progress of the necessary work -and which can convene with each other quickly when joint effort is required. First Nations must: • Develop and enact Educational legislation and policy; • Implement First Nations Education regulations and codes; �• Enforce quality control and exercise jurisdiction over curriculum, materials and personnel; • Establish standards for institutional development and fiscal arrangements. The Federal Government must: • Develop and enact complementary legislation providing a statutory basis for assembly of the fiscal resources re- quired and for administration of our inter-governmental educational arrangements; • establish the administrative mechanisms to respond and/ or service First Nations educational Education Capital, operational, institutional and service requirements. program inter-governmental processes established to ensure that Treaty and statutory Crown obligations respecting Education are met. It is these tasks the Assembly will dedicate the necessary energies and resources. There must, as well, be joint fiscal and First Nations Economic Development . .. Addressing the First Nations Economic concerns and considera tions has been designated a major priority by the Assembly and the National Office. Work in progress has concentrated upon two fundamental activities: 1. Identification of the principles which must govern the Crown-First Nations economic relationships; and, 2. Preparation of a strategic plan dedicated to establish a new Canada-First Nations economic order. In a variety of cunsultative forums, the following basic economic principles have been identified by the First Nations as essential to the new order. 1. Treaty and Aboriginal Obligation The provision by the Crown of financial resources for the support of First Nations political structures is an · obligation of the Crown under Treaty and Aboriginal Rights and Title. 2. Crown Trust Responsibility The financing of First Nations governing structures is an integral part of the Crown's trust responsibility. 3. Primacy of Band Government Fiscal arrangements respecting First Nations governing structures must recognize the primacy of Band Governments. 4. Constitutional and Legislative Recognition and Protection Fiscal arrangements in support bf First Nations structures must be established permanently through recognition and protection in the Constitution and appropriate federal legislation. 5. The Crown - First Nations Treaties are Economic Agreements Inclusive in the legal assurances and exchange which did , and continues to make up the Crown - First Nations Treaty making process are numerous economic agreements and guarantees. These include agreements respecting extensive First Nations Governmental Ownership and control over the exploitation of various lands and resources reserved by Treaty; revenue sharing commitments; provisions for the assistance required to maintain the traditional First Nations economy; fiscal arrangement for the development of new economic areas of financial institutions; proper execution of the Crown Treaty and Trust responsibility which will facilitate First Nations economic self-sufficiency. The current perceptions of Crown First Nations trust relationship must be altered in a way that Governmental decisions with respect to the use of First Nations resources and revenues are respected, not stymied as is the present case. 6. Respect for First Nations Government Jurisdictional Control of Land and Resources, both Renewable and Non-Renewable, both On and Off-Reserve as provided for in the Treaties. The Crown recognized that First Nations Government leaders alone were able to commit their people to terms of Treaties by which: • Canada acquired access to the use of certain lands and resources which are economic foundations of Con22 federation, providing all of the nation's wealth andJ>rosperity. • First Nations retained interest in lands and resources under the terms of conditional use and access. • A variety of categories of lands and resources were reserved by First Nations Government for exclusive use and occupation. 7. First Nations Government Control of Economic Institutions, Economic Administration and Politics of Indian Economics In order to control and re-establish economic order within the Indian economy, firm new First Nations Government institutions both at the Band level and larger band association levels must be further developed and maintained. These governments will exercise broad powers to formulate policies and programs, to create and enforce laws, and to tax and control economic forces within First Nations communities. Included in the requirements for effective First Nations control of First Nations economies are the following factors: • Concrete, long term institutional structures; • Institutional, long term funding arrangements and agreements; • A supportive environment covering the First Nations, private and public corporate sectors; • Market access and marketing capabilities; • Technical and managerial expertise while cultivating and enhancing First Nations Human Resource development. • Appropriate, government to government, financial arrangements and practises between First Nations and the other two orders of govern- �ment (federal and provincial),facilitating the enhancement of Indian ownership and control of First Nations resources and economy. • Effective integration, under First Nations jurisdiction, between economic development and sociocommunity development strategies. 8. Resource Revenue Sharing First Nations have a continued estate interest in all land and resources within Canada. Resource revenue sharing shall be one of the basic considerations upon which the funding of First Nations Governments shall be determined. 9. Tax Revenue Sharing The current federal tax regime must be altered to include and provide for tax revenue sharing with First Nations Governments. The comprehensive fiscal requirements of First Nations Government political legislative, executive, judicial, institutional and service activities must be determined and accomodated. 10. Crown Obligations Crown obligation s to Treaty, Aboriginal and Statutory services will be preserved in the new leadership . The obligations of all current and/or future federal departments, central agencies and institutions will consider to be observed . 11. First Nations Taxation Powers First Nations Self Government financing must create the foundation upon which permanent self-sufficiency is based. First Nations Government ' s taxation powers and jurisdiction will be determined and respected. 12. Accountability to Constituents of First Nations Governments Accountability conditions within the fiscal relationship must respect the complete legislative, policy and regulatory powers of First Nations Governments necessary to fully exercise their responsibility to their members. Accountability will be the constituents of the First N atiorts Governments. 13. Total Membership The total membership of First Nations Governments must be included in and be provided for in the new fiscal arrangement. 14. Availability and Accessability of Resources • Recognition that the Federal Government has never legally acquired mineral resources from the First Nations nor had any jurisdiction to transfer such resources to the Provinces. • Recognition that the Federal Government trust responsibility requires it to assure that First Nations non-renewable resources are developed for the benefit of Indian people. • Recognition of the right of First Nations Governments to negotiate the sale of resources and become involved in agreements with other Governments and individuals for the exploitation of resources on and off First Nations lands. 15. Availability of Investment Capital • Significant amounts of capital, in fulfillment of the Treaty, guarantee to economic development, must be placed in First Nations hands by the Federal Government, through First Nations Institutions, such as First Nations equity funds, First Nations banking institutions, First Nations development organizational agreement, project implementation agreement, and First Nations Institutional agreements , etc . • Also , sharing of ownership in Crown Corporations which exploit non-renewable resources on First Nations lands. This is to provide potential on-going benefits beyond royalties on these ultimately depletable resources. 16. Indian Economics - The Basis For Funding Indian Government • That the goal of all economic policy be directed at re-establishment of a viable Indian economy. • That this become a self-sustaining internally balanced system, generating prosperity, not only for Indian peoples, but also for Canada. • That, eventually , First Nations 23 Governments can be supported by the economic system from within the Indian community itself. 17. Human Resources Development • Recognition that specific, positive action is required, and significant new resources are essential to meet the First Nations manpower development needs; • That sufficient technical skills training must be provided to the growing unemployed Indian work forces; • That support programs for financial assistance to eqiployers hiring Indian people be expanded and maintained; • That support for First Nations business, hiring and training Indians in management and administrati ve skills be incurred. 18. Maximum First Nations Participation in Present and Prospective Developments The large scale resource development projects being planned or in process must involve First Nations participation at all levels . • Employment participation at the skilled and semi-skilled levels ; • Employment participation at the professional and managerial level; • Contract and sub-contracted services to First Nations businesses; • Capital involvement in resource development acti vities provided in lieu of economic development funding; • Joint Venture relationships in any on-Reserve resource development projects ; • The ability to exercise our own trade relationship and agreements; • Full access and corporate participation in Canada's business and financial institutions . Initial preparatory work in the development of a strategy to construct a new Crown First Nations economic relationship has included: 1. Identification of major organizational tasks required to foster ln.dian economic development; 2. Identification of appropriate enterprise mechanisms for Indian business developments; 3. Identification of comprehensive sectorial components for an integrated development strategy; �4. Identification of First Nations institutional requirements with respect to resource and business developments; 5. Examination of a variety of experimental Indian economic models and to display in chart form, a comprehensive matrix of an economic strategy and options for the implementation of it. 6. Preparation of detailed documentation describing the economic advantages and legal basis for an innovative and fresh approach to Canada - First Nations economic arrangements based on resources and revenue sharing. 7. Investigation of the obstacles, both internal and external which need to be addressed before substantial progress to economic selfsufficiency can occur. 8. Identification of the federal legislative and policy action required to implement the objectives and principles of Indian economic development. 9 . Preparation for discussion, · model General Economic Development Agreements which can be used with Bands , business and institutions as promising mechanisms to implement resource and enterprise development. 10. Categorization of the institutions and economic infrastructures required for comprehensive Indian economic development. 11 . Preparation of a schedule for innovative programs , policy and legislative initiatives and recommendations for immediate action leading to a new p ermanent economic relationship between Firs t Nations and Canada . This work will be concluded and , upon securin g the mandate required , direct negotiations and process m echanisms will be implemented with th e Crown . 0 0 0 X Specific Major Objective s of the Constitut ional Process. 1. Safeguar d the Exclusive Federal Treaty Nations Relationship The Crown - Treaty Nations relationship flows from the Treaties and the continued need to have that relationship safeguarded in a bilateral process. As stated in the 1983 Constitutional Accord on Aboriginal Rights and the proposed 1984 Constitutional Accord on the Rights of Aboriginal Peoples of Canada, the Federal Government must guarantee to retain always the exclusive authority for First NationsCrown Affairs held under Class 24 of Section 91 of the Constitution Act , 1867 . 2 . Restriction of Provincial Involvement Any distribution of powers must prevent the provinces having veto powers over matters of ' ' Indians and Lands reserved for Indians'' . These matters are beyond provincial jurisdiction. Any change to section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 must involve the legislatures of any provinces only ' 'to the extent that it has authority' ' . 3. Treaty Nations - A Distinct Aboriginal Group Unlike the other aboriginal groups currently identified as aboriginal peoples in constitutional discussions whose lndianness appears to flow from their aboriginal title and rights of other unique sources, the Treaty Nations have existing Treaties and are distinct. Treaty Nations must form a distinc t class among the First Nations whose basis of self-government developm ent can be separately established and entren ched. 4. Separate Schedules When Treaty Nations are recognized as a costitutional class , the use of separated schedules to reach agreements to be constitutionally incorporated can begin in a real and practical way. 24 • • 5. Legislative Protection and Constitutional Entrenchment by Adhesion Bilateral agreements and relationships developed and ratified shall receive Constitutional protection. Recognition and protection of the Treaty Nations' Rights and interests in Canada through Constitutional, legislative, and administrative/policy provisions are required. '\ The sovereignty and jurisdiction of each Treaty Nation will be agreed upon as the accepted basis of the relationship between Canada and First Nations as outlined in the underlying principles. The long term relationship between Treaty Nations and Canada will be reflected in the Constitution of Canada , and those of the Treaty Nations, which will recognize and respect the distinct , separate and concurrent jurisdiction of the First Nations , Federal and Provincial Gov ernments. When agreements are reached they may be entrenched as adhesions to the existing Tr eaties, rather than as the creation of something new. 6. Aboriginal Rights and Title Recognition and Protection of Aboriginal Rights and Title of the First Nations and interests in Canada through Constitutional, legislati ve and administrative/policy pro visions are required. 7. Consent of the First Nations Essential to any final Costitutional arrangements , must be a clear provision for First Nations cons ent on all mat ters affecting their national interests. 8. Implementation Procedures There will be a development of mechanisms to ensure the implemen tation of the new relationships including appropriate fiscal arrangements, the design of alternate intergovernmental structures and systems (Crown - First Nations) , and such protocol agreements which may be required to reflect all new constitutional arrangements determined by the parties. �Indian Government is . .. VICE-CHIEF (AFN) HAROLD CARDINAL: ''We cannot be subjects of the Crown. we are subjects of the Crown, wi have to follow her laws or his laws. If these laws interfere with our ways, then there is no way that we can fulfill the inherent obligations that we have as sovereign peoples. When our Indian people say that our Indian Government flows from our title, it flows out of our rights as a people. The powers that we have as Indian Governments are governed by the obligations that we have in our Covenant, in our relationship with the Creator,· that is the sources of our power. It is not from the Crown nor from any foreign power.'' If JOSEPH BRANT, MOHAWK: '' We are of the same opinion with the people of the United States: You consider yourselves as Independent people,· we, as the original inhabitants of this country and sovereigns of the soil, look upon ourselves as equally independent, and free as any other Nation or Nations . " CHIEF DAVID AHENAKEW: " The process of implementing Indian Government must take into consideration the sovereignty of the Indian First Nations within Canada as a permanent fact, and on the various jurisdictions that its governments will exercise. The diversity of each Indian First Nations must be reflected. A Band Government structure and political organization requires the establishment of Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of Indian Government in a Constitution. The Indian First Nations must reaffirm their legislative processes by reaffirming a system of making laws . The structure and functions of a Judiciary, and in its institutions, must be rebuilt by our Indian First Nations. The administration, implementation and enforcement of Indian laws, Indian policy and Indian regulations could be enhanced by the rebuilding of an Indian public administration and institutions of Indian Government. The tasks, the challenges, and the obligations in rebuilding our First Nations are great for the Indian First Nations of Canada. Yet we will preserve as it is our Lands, Our Nations and we will, in our own time and, in our own way, persevere. We are at a crossroads in our history. To go forward we must draw upon the wisdom of the past or we_may lose sig'ht of the future.'' INSTITUTE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN LAW: ''Sovereignty is the Supreme Power from which all specific political powers came from. Sovereignty is inherent; it comes from the people or culture. It cannot be given to one group or the other. '' HAROLD CARDINAL CHIEF ROBERT MANUAL, SHUSWAP: "We as the Chiefs, Councils and Peoples of our First Nations, in and amongst ourselves, shall determine and assert the sovereign power and authority we shall exercise over specific areas of jurisdiction that have been defined by our First Nations Governments.'' CHIEF ROBERT 25 MANUAL �CHIEF ALVIN HEAD, CREE: "Indian Government is reaffirmed in our Treaties not from the Indian Act nor powers handed down from the Federal Government. In our Treaties, as long as the sun shines represents the golden age of many tomorrows for the yet unborn and each day reminds us of our responsibilities. As long as the river flows represents our heritage to the land and the life it gives to creation. As long as the grass grows represents our inherent right to the land. First Nations Treaties with European Nations and their successors, Canada, are the legal agreements with the force of International Law . Nations make Treaties, Treaties do not make Nations' '. FELIX MUSQUA, SAULTEAUX: ''We as Indian Nations existed as Indian Governments with dignity and pride before the coming of the nonIndian to our country now known as North America. Since they've arrived they have attempted to erode those rights to a great degree. Only when we again revive and assert those rights and values will we again walk with dignity and pride as Indian people of First Nations which will in turn create those same rights and values in future generations. '' " Indian Self-Government is the machinery through which an Indian Nation exercises their sovereignty. For Indian Self-Government to be strong and united - political autonomy must first be entrenched and respected. For Indian Self-Government - the way is sovereignty and Jurisdiction and independence - the truth is political autonomy and self-determination - the life is Grassroots people and culture and future generations. Indian SelfGovernment brings the hope in every Band member's heart for a better tomorrow . Indian Self-Government is Our Way for a Better Tomorrow." CHIEF SOLOMON SANDERSON CHIEF SOLOMON SANDERSON, CREE: FELIX MUSQUA JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU: ''Sovereignty is invoilable. It comes from the general will of the people therefore cannot be separated into parts or given away. " \ CHIEF AL VIN HEAD 26 '' The most important inherent right of the Indian First Nations is the right to select and exercise our own form of government. The cure for our sickness and the future for our children is not in the cities, not in the offices of the settlers' government. . . not in the boardrooms of the settlers' enterprises, not in the settlers ' churches or C(JUrtrooms. Rahter it is in ourselves. It is to be found in the individual and collective exercise of our sovereign inherent rights; in the return to action and the repudiation of reaction,· in the exercise of political , economic, social and cultural control. In self-determination. ' ' �PROVINCIAL Green Peace Movement Out to Skin Trapping Industry by Lloyd Brass Co-ordinator Hunting, Fishing & Trapping The Green Peace Movement, who have been shaking the world with headlines against seal hunters, are now focusing their attention to trappers. This has sounded the alarm amongst the Canadian Indian and Native trappers to take steps to counteract any movement that would indicate the death knell of trapping in Canada. A two-day organizational meeting was held in Winnipeg on February 21 and 22, 1985. The only drawback was having Treaty Indians and nonTreaty Indians in one assembly, but their main concern was, "Let's Save Our Trapping Industry''. It was made known that the fur industry is an 800 million dollar monopoly in this country. The trappers had indicated, that should Canada lean favourably towards any protesting group, the country stands to lose the royalties paid out to the government from the furs. If the country was to shut down the fur industry, whole scale groups of Indian and Native people would be affected. Some indication of how much it would affect the Indian and Native populations are: the Dene Nation from the Northwest Territories have 6 7 % of their income flowing from trapping; the Indians of Northern Quebec made it known that 65 % of them are totally dependent on trapping. In various parts of Saskatchewan, and mainly in the north, whole communities look forward to trapping as a way of living. If the country was to adhere to groups such as the Green Peace Movement the trappers made it known that Canada stands to be the loser in the end. Most Indian and Native trappers have only one skill, and that is to trap. Canada has a high unemployment rate and further still the welfare role of this country has sprung up into chaotic proportions. Where else does a trapper, with no other skills, have to reach but look to welfare as an alternative for survival. For buyers who have never thought that anyone would demonstrate against their industry have already felt the pressure from groups such as the Green Peace Movement. It was indicated that the Green Peace Movement has gained momentum all over the world and they are very prof essional in their approaches on how to manipulate the government and how to use sensationalism to sway the public. The Fur Council of Canada has every reason to believe that the Green Peace Movement have used patience in the past by slowly attaining their objectives in periods of five years by applying political maneuvers. This group are a world-wide organization who are funded by millionaire actors or actresses and other big bucks people who can cash in on free publicity with their tax exemption dollars . To this date the public has not been too opposed to the fur industry, but, witnessing the successes of the Green Peace Movement could stir the public against the fur industry. Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations' Chief, Sol Sanderson, warned the trappers that we are up against a highly organized group who have successfully charged up demonstrations into emotionally charged rallies. He told the assembly of trappers that we must develop and implement policies, programs and laws to regulate the trapping industries. He also indicated that the Green Peace Movement, Anti-Cruise Movement, Anti-Nuclear Movement and the present situation in British Columbia, where '' Save the Wolves'' is the battle cry, are all t~e same group. He said, "The Green Peace Movement had wanted our support in the anti-nuclear movement and yet they slap us by going against our trapping industry.'' The Green Peace Movement , to begin things, are using the excuse of getting more humane traps to catch animals. They are opposed to using leg hold traps and the use of snares. The Indian and Metis trappers made it known that because of the high prices of traps they would be caught up in a no-win game if the traps were regulated. They voiced out their opinions that trappers are having it rough enough and are often at the mercy of fur buyers who often vary their traps for the furs brought in. Most contended they could not see Indian and Metis people change without going into deep debt or going bankrupt if the traps that are being introduced are enforced. One spokesman stated "The only real winners will be the trapping manufactors who are eagerly waiting to pounce on the opportunity to make big bucks by selling new types of traps.'' During the course of the meeting an Indian spokesman from Alberta stated, "We must take steps to counteract the Green Peace Movement, why not form a Brown Peace Movement from Indians and just be the opposite of these people." ·,~. ~ 27 �'Circle of the Sun': Counselling Program by Debbie Pinay This interview is about a research project originally called Awasis Otoskowin or Working with Children project operating from the Regina General Hospital. It has since become a permanent program within the hospital. Brenda Peekeekoot and Lillian Isbister are both from the Sandy Lake Reserve. The program has undergone a name change and is now known as the Circle of the Sun Native Counselling Program, the first of its type in Saskatchewan. Question: I'll start myfirst question with Brenda. Brenda, could you fill us in about the background of the program, how it got started, when, and why it got started? Brenda: The project started on August 3, 1982. Dr. Fred Baker, our consultant, was approached by the medical staff at the General Hospital as to why so many native children were coming through emergency and then being admitted as in-patients in the wards. So he wrote a proposal and submitted it to the Donner Foundation. The proposal asked for a twoyear research project for two staff people of native ancestry. He then approached the Native Women's Association to find out if they knew of people with research experience. So he hired myself and Donna Pinay, and so we started off right from scratch ... there wasn't even a clock on the wall. We had to set up our own office, do the paperwork required for setting up the research and gathering of the information. So, everything was done by native people right from the _beginning. We had to set up and have meetings with different department heads and explain how the research would be done. We went on hospital rounds with the doctors and interns and later on were responsible for home visits. I think that one of the biggest changes that ever took place in the General Hospital or even in all Saskatchewan hospitals was to have native people working with their own people. To have the direction from our own people and that was so important because even when we went to visit the families we'd find they would accept us - we could relate to them. Also right from the beginning how we were accepted in the hospital was different. They would never of had or seen anything like this before. and Plains hospitals also. We are negotiating to have another office setup at the Plains as well as additional staff. Question: Lillian, couldyou comment on the research and what you found? Lillian: The research was done for two years. The research itself was from newborn to two years of age. We had to work with a group of 500 people that were considered active groups and non-active groups, to compare results at the end of two years. Question: So how are you funded now? Lillian: Now we are under hospital budget and they give us a budget every year and we have to stay in those guidelines. But we are still selfsufficient in that we don't fall into any department. If something happens in the hospital where there is prejudice then we can deal w~h that whereas if we were institutionalized we couldn't. Question: What do you mean . .. by active group? Lillian: The active group meaning that we did everything we could do with them in the two year period. And the non-active was just names in files. By the end of two years, it was found that there was a slight difference. With · the number of kids in both groups coming into the hospital, being hospitalized, and see what difference it made. The reason for that was because we had kids in the active group who were in life threatening situations and they would have to keep coming into the hospital. So that brought up the percentage of hospital stays even though we were working with the families all the time. So that meant that there was very little difference between the two groups by the time our research was finished. But what did change was there was over 100 % decrease in the number of kids coming through emergency and being hospitalized. That was the big difference in the job that we did because if we saw a child's name twice we made a home visit to find out why. We found that they didn't know how . to utilize resources and would bring a child in for a common cold. So we began to situate them with family doctors. Also over 80 % of the families were single parents and required proper support services. Question: How is the program different this year now that it's no longer a research project? Lillian: Now we work with not only children but adults and elders as well. And not only here but at the Pasqua 28 Question: Can you give me an example of what a typical day is like? Lillian: The first thing we do in the morning is listen to our telephone recorder because we usually have a bunch of messages. Just like this morning, a young couple had a little baby in neo-natal intensive care unit that was in a life-threatening situation. So the baby had to be transferred to Saskatoon University Hospital. And the communication between the nursing staff there and the parents was not good. So we had to phone all the way to the hospital to talk to someone there. Also we had to contact Social Services or rather we have to because they are having problems with accommodations over there. So things like that, it's not only here in the hospital that we have to deal with clients but to the reserves as well. We go out to the reserves for case conferences for the children that have to come here. We do P.R. work with the Community Health Representatives on the reserves. A lot of the calls we make are to do with out-of-province clients, and then sometimes during the day we try to make hospital visits. Then there is always statistics that we have to do every day in medical records. We do this on our own because we want to see if the level is remaining the same as it was during the research project. Brenda does a lot of counselling with the families because that is her expertise. My area is with the administrative part and setting up meetings. But I make home visits also. Brenda has been doing some of her work with the elders and maybe she can explain that area. �Brenda: Well, what I do is I make sure because it's a native program I go to the elders so that they can pray for our project and give us strength. We'd like to give a lot of credit to the elders who have already done so much even though they are not heard, their prayers are with us. When we go see an elder and talk to them, it gives us inner strength, not only in our work, but also in the conferences we set up. We always put the elders first. Myself, all I am is a mediator between the elders and our project. Dr. Baker is really good. He has helped us right through. Every week he pops his head in the office to see how we' re doing but he never interfers. I think that's what makes this program so unique. We have a voice - we don't have to always be answering to a department or an institution. It's our project. There's only the two of us and we are not miracle workers but we get firsthand of what happens when people come into the hospital. Question: What about the conference you had lastyear? Canyou explain what it was for? Reply: That was the first time there was ever a cross-cultural conference in any hospital throughout Canada. We had guest speakers like Cadse Cooke talking about the traditional roles of motherhood and childbirth. Many others as well. There were a lot of questions asked and answered during question period and that is where people really learned. There were representatives from Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, B.C. and the United States. But because of the size of the hospital auditorium we could only have 168 delegates. Question: Are you planning to have another conference? Brenda: Yes, we are planning to have . another one on Thursday, Oct. 10 and Friday, Oct. 11, here at the hospital. There will be pipe ceremonies at 8:00 a.m. and the meetings start at 9:00 a.m. and go all day. Then a banquet is scheduled on Friday evening. Lillian: But it's going to be mainly on mental health and suicide. We already have 68 registrates and we haven't even got registration forms mailed out yet. The reason why we want to have it here at the hospital again is because the interns and nurses attended the last one and these are the people we want to gear it towards. Thank you for the interview and I'm sure the conference will be a success. Sask. Youth Heritage Days A Success by Shelley Roberts The Saskatchewan Indian Youth Heritage Days were held on July 2 7 at the Prince Albert Student Residence. A total of 270 delegates were present from throughout Saskatchewan. The purpose of the Heritage Days was to unite Indian youth from across Saskatchewan and to close the gap between the elders and youth. Each morning began with the elders demonstrating the traditional pipe ceremony with the youth in the teepee village that was situated on the student residence. After the pipe ceremony, the flag raising ceremony was held. The host drum for the whole week were the Si6ux Valley Singers. With this, the day's agenda began in which special guest speakers spoke on Indian education, Indian government, sports and recreation, the Sask. Indian Youth Council, and Indian culture. Many of the youth gained valuable knowledge of these talks. A traditional feast was held at the end of the first day in the teepee village. All the youth and observers participated. A give-away was held in honor of the elders and the special guests. A round dance followed in which everybody readily participated. The second day included more talks concerning youth and the selection of the district representatives from each of the seven district/agency of Saskatchewan. From here, a youth chief, first and second vice-chief, secretary and treasurer were drawn to form the new Sask. Indian Youth Council. The following day, demonstrations of different pow-wow dances and animal calls continued, and the concept of the teepee was defined for the youth. Also on this day, ballots were . cast for the new Youth Council. Results were as follows: • Youth Chief - Curtis Standing, Wahpeton • First Vice-Chief - Curtis Ahenakew, Sandy Lake • Second Vice-Chief - Noreen Cote, Cote • Secretary - Yvonne Okemaysim, Beardy's • Treasurer - Doris Gunn, English River This council will replace the interim council set up to get the S. I. Y. C. off the ground. The goals include maintaining respect for the Indian culture, upholding the treaties and laws of the F. S. I. N. , and to respect and learn from the elders. The last event that was on the agen29 da was the princess pagenat held at the student residence gym. Five of the seven districts were represented as follows: • Mavis Ahenakew, Shell brook Agency • Lois Standing, Prince Albert District • Lorraine Pechawis, Saskatoon District • Mandy McArthur, Y orkton District • Heather Piche, Meadow Lake District Mavis Ahenakew was crowned S.I. Y .C. Princess, with Lorraine Pechawis being the First Princess, and Lois Standing, Miss Congeniality. The girls put on a fine show by representing their districts proudly and beautifully. A co-ed slow pitch tournament was held at the end of the week as part of the activities planned with the heritage days. The Saskatchewan Indian Youth Heritage Days were very successful and they have bought the youth closer together. It gave them a better understanding of the issues they are faced with today. �Sask. Indian Economic Development Commission Update SASKATCHEWAN INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE September 11, 12, 13, 1985 Saskatoon Inn, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan •AGENDA• Indian Control of Indian Economic Development General Assembly - Ballroom B Chairman - Chief Andy Michael - Guest Speakers Chief Sol Sanderson, Federation of Saskatchewan Indiah Nations Honorable Sid Dutchak, Saskatchewan Indian & Native Affairs Secretariat Deputy Minister Bruce Rawson, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Fred M. Starblanket Executive Director While the climate of fiscal restraint by government has severely hampered the activities of the Commission, it continues to work within it's mandate and towards the fulfillment of certain key objectives. Initial uncertainties about the feasibility of carrying out it's proposed workplan within a very limited budget have been overcome by scaling down the activities of the Commission somewhat. More time is being spent on completing work in progress and new ventures are being approached cautiously. In order to assess progress, the mandate and goals of the Commission must be kept in mind. These are presented below as they are stated in the 1985/86 activity plan. SIEDC will develop and implement comprehensive economic development strategy and policy based on concrete research that is consistent with the principle of Indian control of Indian economic development. It will also provide research, planning and advisory services to Indian governments and individuals. 1. Organization of an Economic Development Conference A technical committee is presently working with INAC and INAS officials on the arrangements for a conference to be held in September. The conference will focus on the process of development and how Indian governments can relate to the private sector in their economic development efforts. Success stories will be presented as examples for those about to become involved in economic development . (continued on next page) Sharing Approaches on "How To Do It" for Indian Economic Development General Assembly - Ballroom B Panel Presentation Invocation - Moderator Dan Bellegarde, President, Saskatchewan Indian Community College - Panelists Doug Cuthand, President, Saskatchewan Indian Nations Company (SINCO) Ian Cramer, General Manager, South-East Development Corporation, Winnipeg Developing Policy for Indian Economic Development General Assembly - Ballroom B - Moderator Fred Starblanket, Ex. Director, Sask. Indian Economic Development Commission - Panelists Chief Andy Michael, Chairperson, Sask. Indian Economic Dev. Commission Dan Bellegarde, President, Saskatchewan Indian Community College Ian Cowie, Deputy Minister, Saskatchewan Indian and Native Affairs Secretariat Dan Goodleaf, Regional Director-General, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Gladys Johnston, Economic Development Portfolio '' Making It Work'' Matching Development Ideas and Resources ~ 1 General Assembly: Ballroom B Panel Presentations - Moderator Rabi Alam, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Panelists Albert Angus, lawyer, Angus, Griffin et al Steve Brandt, Northland Bank Chief Roy Bird, Montreal Lake Band Garry Wouters, Director of Operations, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada Cameron Watson, Lonesome Prairie Sand and Gravel Workshop Discussions: Ballrooms A and B and C Luncheon: sponsored by SIAP, Ballroom A George Mallett, Husky Oil Rainer Anderson, OREE Gil Griffith, Saskatchewan Tourism and Small Business Workshop Discussions: Ballrooms A and B and C Banquet: Ballroom B - Guest Speaker Ed Mousse, Consultant, Economic and Business Management, Henrietta, Okla. Indian Business of the Year Award 30 �LETTERS To the editors: I hope that you print this letter as I would express my disappointment in the organization of the ''so-called'' district playoffs in the North Battleford district. I am a band member of the Little Pine Band and, of course, a member of the North Battleford district. However, the fact that I am a member of the district does not deter me from being critical of it. I merely express my opinion in hopes that the matter will not repeat itself ( the disorganization). As a person who believes in the capabilities of our Indian youth and who believes in the exercise of, not only the mind but of the body, I detest what has happened to our band this last two weeks. For the past two months and a half, Harold Bear, recreation director, Jeanette Kam, guidance counsellor, Gladys Ironchild, a parent volunteer; and myself have motivated our youth into practising for the playoffs. Night after night the youth attended with enthusiasm. During the week of July 15, we were informed - I need not state by whom, (North Battleford District) that the fastball and soccer playoffs would be held on July 23 at the Poundmaker sports grounds; the track and field playoffs on July 24 and 25 at Battleford Junior High; and that the volleyball playoffs at the North Battleford Friendship Center . On July 23, Poundmaker, Sweet Grass, and Little Pine had their youth competing. Where were the others? On July 24, the track and field playoffs were cancelled due to rain. Quite understandable. However, the location for the next day was changed. So off to the Poundmaker school site we went. Again, Poundmaker, Sweet Grass and Little Pine. On July 26, the recreation director drove out our midget boys and midget girls volleyball teams. When no one showed, he phoned the organizer who told him the event was cancelled. Hence, a trip home with disappointed youth. My anger has subsided a bit as I write this letter. However, I will continue my writing. I guess the appropriate route to have taken is the North Battleford District Chiefs' office. But it is best to inform other districts of what is happening to us as a band within a district. I exhort other bands within the North Battleford district to show some interest in events sponsored for our youth. Our youth cannot develop fully without some physical competition. Let us show more entusiasm as this is International Year of the Youth. In closing, we, the Little Pine band members who have sponsored practises for our athletes, will nevertheless attend the Mosquito Summer Games with our youth who have qualified. Thank you for your time. for funds to continue it's activities. However, there is also a developmental process with government officials. They must be made aware of the FSIN's and band activities and band needs in the area of economic development. For example, the Commission worked hard to respond to a discussion paper in Indian Economic Development prepared by the province and presented that response to the provincial officials at a Commis-sion meeting. tions Resources Centre and FSIN Holdings, updating the Chiefs Policy Documents related to economic development, and presentations to the Legislative Assembly. The Commission has also hired a summer student who is working in the area of the basis under Treaty for the Indian Government position on economic development. The Commission continues to provide a focus and a forum for discussion of economic development policy for Saskatchewan's Indian Nations. Its role is essentially limited to coordination and policy development under present funding arrangements. The Commission has been given the mandate by the Chiefs to provide technical and organizational assistance for band SIEDC will continue to seek the resources to fulfill its mandate in a broader way. Loretta Pete-Semaganis cc: went to John Kakum (continued from last page) 2. Phase II of the Economic Development Stratege A considerable amount of time has been spent soliciting proposals and working with the districts to develop projects that are consistent with the plan outlined in Phase I. Arrangements should be finalized to have the districts begin work on this project in September. Commission ' Meetings and Consultations Regular meetings of the Commission provide an excellent vehicle for sharing of information about current developments at the district and band levels. 3. 4. Consultation and Negotiation with the Provincial and Federal Governments Due to the shortage of financial resources, the Commission spends a considerable amount of time lobbying 5. Review of the SIAP Program This review is being under the coordination of SIEDC at the request of the Chiefs in Assembly. Consultation has taken place between the districts and the project management team and the report is being prepared. The Commission is being involved in a number of other activities including submissions on the First Na31 �REGIONAL FORT QU 1 AP PELLE/TOUCHWOOD/FILE HILLS DISTRICT Indian Burial Site at Ft. Qu1Appelle by Mona Creeley A court ruling received by the Touchwood/File Hills/Fort Qu' Appelle District Chiefs Council stated that the fate of the old Indian burial grounds discovered by workers of Smith Construction of Fort Qu' Appelle on May 21, 1985, now rests in the hands of the Saskatchewan Government. The Government's decision will be based on financial considerations, public opinion and other political factors. The District Chiefs, Councils and Elders have taken the position that a cemetery should not be disturbed for private gain. While Cal Davis, the local Developer putting up the condominium, says he is losing big money. In a newspaper interview, Davis is quoted as saying, " in dollars and cents, I'm probably looking at $80,000 to $100,000. People have sold their homes, needed some place to live and have gone to other properties.'' Soon after learning of the discovery, the TFH Q District Chiefs Council asked the courts to block further excavation of the site. The Department of Culture and Recreation issued a stop-work order, but the move was temporary and offered no lasting protection, ending July 21, 1985. On Monday, August 12, the Saskatchewan Government still hadn't reached a definite decision, but said only, that as negotiations were in progress, the gravesite would not be moved. University of Saskatchewan Archeologist, Dr. Ernest Walker, said in a court affidavit, that at least 25 people were buried there. All were identified as North American Indians. The bodies were found with what appeared to be the remains of peace pipes, spears and other aboriginal artifacts. Walker believes the cemetery was used as early as the 1860's for Indian burials at a Church of England (Anglican) Mission and may have been used as late as 1887 when Treaty payments stopped being payed at Fort Qu' Appelle. '' Research has also turned up a case that the site and much of the land in the town limits, actually belong to the Indians,'' said Vern Bellegarde, President of the TFHQ District Chiefs Council. A land survey conducted in 1879 after signing of Treaty #4 designated 1,285 acres of land in the location as a "Treaty Payment Area", a spot where Indians from the district would meet with Whites to do Treaty business. (Treaty #4 also affects some Manitoba bands). But, the Federal Government, fearful of Louis Riel's efforts to organize rebel Indian forces, stopped gathering the people for Treaty payments. Records were later lost in bureaucratic mixups, Bellegarde said. '\. The land, south of what used to be the Fort Hotel, was vacant for many years and town records don't show it as ever being used for a graveyard. Because the site does not fit the legal definition of a cemetery, it is not eligible for protection under the Cemeteries Act, the courts said. Culture and Recreation Minister, Rick Folk, said there was a number of options, but that he favored moving the ·remains to a site that would suit everyone involved. Although he didn't specify the other options, two in question are: designating the land a heritage site or moving the bodies against the wishes of the Chiefs. TFHQ District Vice-President, Eldon Bellegarde said, "There is nothing stopping them from moving the graves if they want. The District Chiefs Council, though, must have a quick injunction ready.'' A court date has been tentatively set for late October, but, said E. Bellegarde, "the District Chiefs Council are asking for an earlier court date to get matters settled. '' PRINCE ALBERT DISTRICT In Black Lake with Chief Daniel Robillard by Deanna Wuttunee Even though employment drops drastically in winter, the Black Lake Reserve, 560 miles north of Saskatoon, is enjoying almost capacity employment now. The band is building facilities for four band owned businesses which will be operational this fall according to Chief Daniel Robillard. These include a laundromat, a gas bar, a fast food outlet and a confectionary. The confectionary store is an alternative plan for a band store which was aborted by competition from the Bay, also located on the reserve. Other projects include housing and school renovations, new housing and a fire hall. The only employment in the winter months is provided by the Bay, band and school administration. There is some traditional trapping and fishing. 32 Chief Daniel Robillard �To date, about 30-40 people work in the mines. Some have been working for 6 or 7 years. Robillard said he did not participate in the blockade in June, at the Rabbit Lake mine; although 10 or 12 band members went. He felt a certain loyalty since he had been employed by the mine for five years, before being elected Chief. He has been Chief for the last six months. "If I was in Hector Kkailther's position, I would do the same, for the catch in the future. But right now, we have no road and our power bills are too high. Now we are getting a hydro line from Uranium City out to these communities and to Rabbit Lake. This will create a road and job opportunities. '' he said. A permanent road would give commercial fishing a boost by lowering transportation costs. Presently transportation costs are too high and prices (for fish) are too low. The band lost money this year, in a venture to harvest ice and renovate a building for storage. Neither is being used. A road along with an airstrip, is one of Daniel's long term goals. A mining road would be the quickest way to get one because lobbying for funds from the provincial and federal governments takes time, he added. Before the Indian Affairs department built a road last year, the band Almost everyone has a boat in the community. Band owns and operates its own store. Firehall and band hall going up fast . had to wait for building materials to arrive on the barge. This procrastinated building projects until December. For the youth in the community, there is a summer student program from Canada Manpower. Although, they are left mostly on their own for recreational activities, vandalism is very low. Recreation includes swimming, fastball , ice and floorhockey. Social activities on the reserve are tea dances and old time fiddle dances on weekends with bingo games twice a week. However, card games can be found in several places on any night of the week, said Robillard. The leadership from Black Lake, Fond du Lac and Lac La Hache are now lobbying for a regional high school and hospital. For now, students go to Price Albert and patients are shipped to Uranium City. Religion plays an important part in the community. 33 �Fond du Lac: Economic Profile du Lac took over the control of education, July 1, and hired Matthew Y ooya as director. He is responsible for establishing an education program which will suit community needs. However, he predicts no major changes for the first year. "The present situation evolved over 30 years so we need time to get bur policies in place, assess teacher performance and get more school committee involvement. We had no control over federal r,olicy before but now we can keep on top of the situation. We want to see what's happening in the classroom, why there's a high turnover of teachers, and assess the drop-out rate,'' said Yooya. Fond du Lac community complex. by Deanne Wuttunee The Fond du Lac Reserve is in the process of land claim settlement in a potential uranium-rich area. They are entitled to 29,633 acres. Fond du Lac is located 620 miles northwest of Saskatoon . Following settlement of their claim, the band leadership hopes to negotiate with the Eldorado Mining Company for an exploration agreement, said counsellor John MacDonald. The land claim already includes a minimal lease agreement with Eldorado which will allow the company to explore all the land that Band Councillor August Mercredi belongs to the band. There is also $100,000 a year set aside for past exploration which will accrue to the band on the signing of the agreement when the land entitlement is confirmed, he added. "There's a lot of anti-uranium movement in the north. The band's position is to go ahead with the mining industry but play it safe so that an environmental problem will not occur,'' said education director Matthew Yooya. In reference to potential radiation hazards, MacDonald said: ''I've worked for 13 years in the mines myself and have not encountered any side effects. Besides workers are monitored constantly (with urine tests.)" Presently, there are 25-30 people working at the Rabbit Lake Mine from the reserve and hold key positions. Therefore, the band did not support the recent blockade at the gates of the mine. Support of the blockade would have jeopardized the jobs of these band members. Without the mining employment, economic activity on reserve is very low. Of the 700 band members, 20 are employed by the band in housing projects which is seasonal work. However, the band hopes to get commercial fishing off the ground by summer. Presently, band members only fish for domestic use. Like many southern reserves, Fond 34 Education Director Matthew Yooya �Chief Mercredi 1s plane. Louis and John James Mercredi with breakfast. The bands recruiting practise for hiring teachers is to give top priority to native teachers. But communications are different and qualified native teachers are hesitant to go to isolated communities. Of the drop-outs, few leave the reserve. The ones that leave, soon return. They have a hard time adjusting to the system and are used to the lifestyle here, said MacDonald. Beside employment by the band housing program, the band administration, the local mines, the Chiefs general store, the only other economic activity is the trapline. This is seasonal work and affects only a small percentage of the population. The general population is on welfare. The rates paid out are the same level as those anywhere in the province but the cost of living is almost double. Presently, th<Xcommunity includes a band office, a school, a general store, a fire hall, RCMP barracks, a church, an arcade, and a small landing strip. Winter access to the community is a road across the frozen lake (Fond du Lac) for a one month period. In summer, community needs are shipped on the barge from Fort MacMurray, consequently, band leadership hope that the mining industry will build a road to facilitate transportation. '' Everything is geared towards the mining industry here. The big question is what will happen after the mines are gone? This band does not want to be in a social welfare state then. They want to work. We want to get some education programs and concentrate on getting those kids in school. So five years down the road we can upgrade these people to grade ten so that they can enter various training courses available in the province." said education director, Matthew Yooya. Then perhaps we can establish small businesses and other economic development projects and be independant," he added. Chief Adolphus Mercredi "The whole community is a family group. It is the community spirit that made this place what it is. Here I have to give the credit to the Chief, Aldophus Mercredi. He thinks ahead and doesn't give up.'' said MacDonald. The band is now in the process of establishing an adult technical training institution in the community. They are also struggling to tap into indirect benefits from northern resources for a decent airstrip, allweather road and economic development in the tourism area. Walking home from church. 35 ti*t~t ♦ �Uranium Industry Threatens Lac La Hache The welcoming committee. by Deanna Wuttunee Basic needs that are taken for granted in the south are non-existent in the northern community of Lac La Hache, 515 miles northeast of Saskatoon. On July 13, the Saskatchewan Indian staff visited the community and found that running water , sewage systems and even basic literacy are uncommon. The older people in the community cannot read or write. Although, the youth, which represent half the community, are getting a better education, they have to leave the reserve for further training. But they want to work. When they leave, however, they encounter cultural shock and language difficulties, which almost always drives them back. It's a time bomb situation. "What's happening in this town is that basic needs are just not being met while the government and industry are continually pounding for more involvement with the (uranium) mines. ' ' said Miles Goldstick, an employee of the band . A community planning study has been done for the band four times since the mid- 70' s and each time the results are the same. However, whatever basic needs projects that happen are completely inadequate. Government approach to the situation is geared away from local community projects opting for wage employment in the local uranium mines. In housing, occupancy levels Bernadette Tsannie , 4, doing chores. are about 10-15 per house, according to Goldstick. Although the band's total budget is unknown, even millions of dollars would be inadequate. If each family got $4 ,000.00 a year, it would add up to $4 million. This sounds like a lot of money on face value when in actuality, it only provides for a subsistance lifestyle. Consequently , most of the band members hunt and fish to suppliment their incomes. Some poeple still commercial fish. Jim Kkaiki has been on the band council for two years. He has 11 children. Fishing, trapping and stockpiling wood keeps his family warm and fed. Like many others in the community, he is out on the trapline from October to spring , coming home only for Christmas. Therefore, uranium mining in There is no youth centre or clubhouse, so the wear and tear on the community shows . The oldest member of the community, Marie Antsinen, is 9 7 years old. 36 �Editor of The Saskatchewan Indian, Brian Tootoosis on the job! nearby Wollaston Lake, Rabbit Lake and Collins Bay threaten the very life of these people. They fear contamination of the environment will impact on the fish and wildlife they kill to feed their families. Water is life. With the help of the Collins Bay Coalition and other anti-uranium groups from the south, the band initiated a road block to the gates of the Rabbit Lake Mines injune. It lasted for several days, attracting national media attention to their plight. While the humanities are basic disciplines and values in society's ' Sophie Denendchezhe, the school secretary, was our guide . Thanks, Sophie! systems, millions of dollars are spent in the nuclear industry and uranium boom and the basic needs of native communities go unmet. Yet, it is a calculated and not uninformed risk in the name of the progress. In a statement, Mary Anne Kkailther said; "We told the company (Eldorado Resources) and the government, we don't want the Collins Bay 'B Zone' but they did not listen. We cannot sit back and let them go on destroying the land and the water. We live off the land ... '' LaRonge Looking to the BO's ►/ .~ parcels of land and are scattered from the Little Red River Band north of P.A. to Grandmother's Bay on the Churchill River. The economic activity of the communities reflects this diversity. ·r Chief Tom McKenzie stands proudly outside the office of Merriman Trucking Co. by Deanna Wuttunee Former Chief Tom MacKenzie was defeated at the polls by Miles Venne, May 15. When MacKenzie was elected two years ago, he moved to maintain a good financial picture of his band. The LaRonge Reserve in Northern Saskatchewan is divided into 18 37 A major economic venture for the reserve is a 40 % share in Northland Processors, a meat processing plant which specializes in pepperoni and dried meat snacks. The beef jerky is distributed throughout Saskatchewan and comes in a variety of flavors. The plant employs approximately 10-15 band members. The band is also a shareholder of Crown Drycleaners which employs two or three band members depending on the demand. Both companies are situated in the town of LaRonge. The Merriman Trucking Company, a subsidiary of the Kitsaki �Holding Company, is also owned and operated by the band. It repairs and maintains its own vehicles as well as band owned school buses. The employees are trained by the band's adult training program. The trucks transport ground freight to the Key Lake Mine, some fishing camps and W ollaston Lake. The wild rice season keeps approximately 50 people employed with markets in Canada and the U.S. The band also · has small contracts for timber. Some revenue is generated by farm land in the southern community of the Little Red River Band. Several band members also operate small businesses. Tony Roberts has established an air service and caters to trappers and fishermen. Tom's taxi operates out of Stanley Mission. Jim MacKenzie owns a fishing camp at Nistawiak Falls which accomodates 12 people. He is considering expanding in 1986. Many other band members are employed by the school and band administrations and the Kitsaki Holding Company. The direction is geared to economic development and the challenge of maintaining and changing existing services to meet the needs of the people . Chief McKenzie showing some Hero products at Northland Pfocessors. A Young Leader at Peter Ballantyne Chief Ron Michelle is the youngest Chief on recordfor Peter Ballantyne. by Deanna Wuttunee Chief Ron Michelle, 33, of the Peter Ballantyne Bands urges other reserves in the province to share their knowledge and ideas so that each will benefit. The reserve is comprised of several communities about 370 miles northeast of Saskatoon. Our reserve needs to develop economically and to utilize our resources. For example, in the area of forestry, our band alone uses about $1 million in housing materials, he said. The reserve has a population of 2,200 and a backlog of 150 houses. An attempt to resolve this problem with a CMHC program proved . futile when hidden costs escalated the fman- cial picture. The area is in the preCambrian Shield. The reserve is slated for 26 new houses from the Indian Affairs department this year. Michelle sees economic development and a stronger local government as long-term goals. A stronger local government will give us the standards we want in housing, he said. Pelican Narrows is the administrative centre of all the five communities. However, Southend Reindeer Lake is on the range of acquiring independence as a reserve. These two communities took over their education system five years ago. They have introduced oral Cree from kindergarten to grade four as well as heritage weeks into the curriculum. Heritage week is when the English curriculum is put on the backburner and only cultural content and Cree taught. Elders are utilized in the instruction as well as other resource persons. Pelican Narrows has about 200 An empty community: everyone was at the ball tournament. traditional trappers that leave in the fall and do not return until November. There is also some wild rice activity where band members lease land from the provincial government for the seeding and harvesting of wild rice. Chief Michelle is adamant that Indian Government should be taught in The new school. 38 �Chief Michelle and former Chief Albert Ratt. the schools and workshops held for adults on the reserves. ''The Indian Government concept is what we read about in magazines. As far as Indian Government is concerned, the only ones that know what it is are the leaders themselves,'' said Michelle. "And there's no way we can communicate the concept to our band members. Indian organizations should put more workshops on the reserves instead of us (the band leadership). This way, they (native organizations) would know the reserve situations,'' he added. Once elections are held, band members feel that they have leaders to handle their affairs. There's no involvement, except for a few committees with the chief and council, he added. There's a few bleachers at the tournament, but most are natural bleachers in the background. NORTH BATTLEFORD DISTRICT Grave of Unknown Warrior Paid Homage Adding his support, Chief Weenie said, "Today is specially dedicated to the people who participated from the Nez Perce, our neighbors from across the line that lived with Chief Poundmaker all those years. '' Also FSIN Senator John Tootoosis said: "We have lived for a hundred years without fighting but actually what we Indian people have is a '' cold war with you until all of the Treaty promises are met." Mari Watters, direct decendant of Chief Joseph, speaking on behalf of the Nez Perce, said in broken voice: '' many thanks to the people here who have opened their hearts and received us, we are the Brother, who have gone to the land of life. ' ' Grave marker of t~ unknown warrior. by Archie King POUNDMAKER - The grave of an unknown Nez Perce warrior was commemorated and paid homage by his fellow band members from Lapa way, Idaho during the Chief Poundmaker Memorial Pow-Wow held on this Indian reserve. According to event organizer, Gordon Tootoosis, the warrior was from Chief Joseph's band, who kept coming north and ended up in the North Battleford area. He lived with Chief Poundmaker during the winter of '78-79 until May 2, 1885 when he was shot by the soldiers and buried on the same spot by Chief Poundmaker. Also at the commemoreation ceremony was Chief Lawrence Weenie, FSIN Senator John Too too sis, Elder Alex Semaganis, Regional Director of Indian Affairs Dan Goodleaf, North West Centennial Advisory Committee member Col. Gil Bellavance, Parks Canada Area Superintendant Mabel Simpson, and representatives from the Royal Canadian Legion and the RCMP. 39 Monument to the Battle of Cut Knife . �Followed was a Nez Perce memorial service which included bell ringing and singing while each member tossed some homeland earth onto the grave. Words of many thanks were also spoken by elders of the Nez Perce people. Other participation also included a prayer of dedication spoken in native tongue by Indian Elder Alex Semaganis and the presentation of a bronze shell casing from Bellavance to Chief Weenie. Part of the audienceat the ceremony. Little Pine • Construction has started on the new school on this Indian community, situated 50 kilometres west of North Battleford, after being on hold for a number of year. Despite the delay Loretta Semaganis, education co-ordinator, is told that the construction has started. The old school, consisting of trailers, deteriorated to a state which have been condemned. The new school will have kindergarten to grade 12 and is expected to be ready for the '86-8 7 school term. Luckyman • This Indian band numbering about 65 held a two-day workshop at the Co-op College in Saskatoon. Chief · Andrew King and his band members met with different departments during the two days. They discussed treaty land entitlement negotiations with the federal and provincial governments. During the workshop, Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (FSIN) stated that the band's treaty land entitlement is a priority and feel optimistic it will be settled soon. Pound maker • This Indian controlled school recently held awards nite, recognizing its scholastic and athletic pupils. Chief Poundmaker Jr. High School presented awards for excellence in numerous athletic events, and for attendance. The top fem ale and m~e athlete for each division included: Division 1 - Jessica Favel, Norman Checkosis; Division 2 - Janet Tootoosis, Wilbert Antoine; Division 3 - Ronna Antoine, Darwin Baptiste. Also, the best all-around female and male students in each division included: Division 1 - Jessica Favel, Dale Weenie; Division 2 - Lory Tootoosis, Ashley Montour; Division 3 - Melanie Weenie, Terry Favel. A special academic excellence award was presented by Howard McMaster to Chandra Hodgkinson. The Chief Henry Favel memorial scholarship recipient for 1985 was Melanie Weenie. Dean Dickson, teacher, and Lucy Favel, widow of former Chief Favel, made the presentation. Mosquito • Plans were made by Mosquito and Red Pheasant Indian Bands to host the 1985 Indian Summer Games situated 30 kilometers south of North Battleford. According to games coordinator, Shelly Moosomin, "everything is ready to go". About 100 athletes took part in the Games, Aug. 4 - 8 held at the school site. Opening ceremonies took place Aug. 4 and presentation of awards and closing ceremonies on Aug. 8. Saulteaux • Construction has started on the multi-purpose administrative centre, long over-due, on this Indian reserve, situated 25 kilometres north of North Battleford. The Band has been delivering its services from a small and 40 compact quarters of a two-bedroom house structure. According to Chief Gabriel Gopher, the new structure will include band office, medical clinic, and fire hall. The working crew consists of band members. Completion date is expected to be in the latter month of Nov. 1985. �Battle at Frenchmans Butte 1885 by Jim Thunder White historians have written that the battle at Frenchmans Butte, May 28, 1885, was indecisive. They don't like to admit that the well-armed Canadian Militia had failed in their tasks. Their military strategy had been to free the white prisoners and capture Big Bear's warriors who were responsible for the massacre at Frog Lake. They accomplished neither task. The militia was forced to retreat at Frenchmans Butte. Weeks later, it was the Indians who turned the white captives loose and gave them their freedom. The warriors were never captured but surrendered themselves voluntarily. Now let us go back 100 years to the battle at Frenchmans Butte and take a closer look. Historians state that there were hundreds of warriors there aµd that the Indian rifle pits extended for two miles along the ridge. How can that be? In 1884, the year before the rebellion, the NWMP (North West Mounted Police) took an inventory of the combined camps of Big Bear and Lucky Man during the Treaty payments at Fort Pitt. There were 135 women, 162 boys, and 149 girls and 58 men who possessed 15 Winchester rifles and 20 muzzleloaders. Fifty-eight warriors and 35 rifles. It is true that during the rebellion Big Bear's camp was reinforced by warriors from Kehewin, Saddle Lake, Frog Lake and Onion Lake. However, not all the warriors from these bands came, only a few and in small groups. The maximum number of warriors who fought at Frenchmans Butte would have been approximatly 200 and not all of them had rifles. And those who did have rifles had only a limited amount of ammunition. General Strange' s militia consisted of well over 300 men equipped with the most modern rifles of the time and were also backed up with a cannon. During the battle, the militia could not advance beyond the creek because they were pinned down by the rifle fire from the Indian rifle pits upon the ridge. General Strange ordered Major Steele to mount his scouts, ride along the creek, and try to find a crossing. The general's strategy was to attack the warriors on the front and at the side, while the cannon shelled the rifle pits. When the military scouts started riding along the creek, Wandering Spirit took four or five of his warriors from his main force and they ran along the wooded ridge in line parallel to that followed by the scouts. Major Steele and his scouts rode along the creek for approximatly a mile and a half but whenever they tried to cross the creek, they were fired upon from the Indians on the opposite side. When they finally realized that they could not cross, they rode back to the main force. Major Steele reported to the general that there were hundreds of Indians all along the ridge! They did not realize that they had been deceived by four or five warriors. By the time the military scouts had returned some of the Cree warriors had circled in the woods and were now shooting at the soldiers from the front and side. The general knew that it was only a matter of time before the soldiers would be surrounded so he ordered a retreat. Historians write that General Strange retreated because he did not want what had happened to Custer have happen to his force. How could the general compare Custer's last stand to his situation, when his soldiers outnumbered the warriors? The battle at Frenchmans Butte is now a National Historic site. The rifle pits the warriors dug a 100 years ago are still clearly visible. Also, the scars of the battle can still be seen on some of the trees. A monument on the site gives a brief history of the battle. The words on the monument state that the militia "retired" from the battle. They didn't want to write that the military had retreated. Elder Stone Opens Indian Summer Games by Archie King MOSQUITO The Saskatchewan Indian Summer Games, a four day sports extravaganza for Indian youngsters, ~as officially opened, Sunday, August 4, with a colorful and humorous hour and a half ceremony held at this Indian reserve school. Games organizers got a break from the weather during the opening ceremonies. The evening began dull and overcast but as the many athletes and spectators began to fill the schoolyard, the dark clouds dissipated and the ceremony took place under brilliant sunshine. The bleachers were filled more than an hour before the ceremony got underway. It was a relief for the spectators to stand up and sigh with relief, when the last of the athletes and officials arrived. After the Mosquito singers sang an honor song, the officials were introduced and the athletes marched, the crowd sat patiently through a number of speeches by Indian Elder, Annie Stone, Chief Doug Moosomin, Chief Gabriel Gopher, Chief Angus McLean, MLA Harry Baker, and master of ceremonies Vern Belle garde. Also, special recognition was extended out to Shelley Moosomin and Ron Poole, games co-ordinators; Constable Hubert Gardipy, R.C.M.P.; Chief Johnson Kakum, Chief Lawrence Weenie, Alphonse 41 Lavallee, Doug Anguish; Members of Recreation Technology Jeff Smith, Carol Folton, Ron Harper, Greg Dempipy, Lindsay Starr, Micheal Starr, Morris Milksmith, Keith Rider, and games officials, Jeff Ridder, Terry Burnett, Jim Jones and Harry Hopkins. Following a tradition, Elder Annie Stone, lead off with a short and sweet message calling for the athletes to play right and play fair, also giving thanks to the many volunteers working hard under the hot blazing sun to make the summer games a reality. Chief Doug Moosomin of the hosting reserve also praised the volunteers. ''I'd like to thank all the people who �came and helped with the games for we had a lot of volunteer workers who have made these games a success today.'' he said. Despite the mix-up of entries and in some cases the lack of communications, the run-off of track events and the play of team sports were completed. Unfortunately, basketball was cancelled due to the lack of teams. But this looked like it was simply a lack of co-ordination. It was learned later that one of the co-ordinators was relieved of his duties during the games. Pressure had been exerted by some district sports officials to try and reprove the individual. The games were finally completed during the morning of the final day. Amidst cold and windy conditions the 400 metre relays were completed. Not to be outdone, Chief Moosomin challenged other band council members to a 100 metre dash but was quickly outvoted to a 50 metre dash . Following three and a half days of track and team sport competition Saskatoon District emerged victorious with points followed by North Battleford District, Prince Albert District, Fort Qu' Appelle District, Meadow Lake District, Yorkton District, and then Shellbrook Agency. Individual winners included - Pee Wee, Bantam, Midget and Junior. Complete event winners are not available but will be included in the next issue of The Saskatchewan Indian. Summer Student Employment Successf ul The various sites the students toured included the University of Alberta - physical education, biology, and dentistry departments; and the West Edmonton Mall. The lack of time was a factor for the students to see more. Lillian Pooyak by Archie King NOR TH BA TTLEFORD - A total of 13 Indian students were employed by the Luckyman Indian Band under Chief Andrew Okemow, located in this city, for a total of six weeks with the Canada-Saskatchewan Opportunities '85 program. The Canada-Saskatchewan Opportunities '85 program is a •jointlyfunded program by the federal and provincial governments and is designed to create summer employment opportunities for students. The program will focus on employment which provides career/study related work of work related experience for Saskatchewan students during the summer months. According to the Indian Students Services Co-ordinator, Lillian Pooyak, the project was funded by $11,995 from the federal government and a $3,570 grant from the provincial government providing employment from July 22 to August 30. The various places the students were placed included: Indian Affairs, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Indian and Metis Friendship Centre, Union Hospital, Indian Health Centre, District Chiefs, a doctor's office and an architect's office located in the city. Also, during the end of the current school term an excursion to Edmonton was planned by Colin Favel, Native Student Counsellor and Lillian Pooyak. A total of 31 native students were bussed to the Alberta capital for a two-day visit. 42 Colin Favel �SASKATOON DISTRICT Mistawasis Holds Feast and Round Dance by Shelley Roberts The Mistawasis Indian Reserve held a feast and round dance on June 20 for the purpose of the Cultural Camp for I.S.W.E.P. students from Saskatoon. The feast and round dance were held in traditional style as the Elders remembered them. Invited to the festivities were the Sturgeon Lake Junior Dancers, Saskatchewan Indian Youth Council - the most important part of the feast were the Elders. The feast and round dance was a new and different experience for the majority of the youth that attended. The main purpose of the newly organized youth council attended was to actively take part and also observe the proper procedures in conducting a traditional ceremony . The feast's menu consisted of various soups and stews, vegetables, fried bannock, fruit, blueberries, puddings, candy and tea. The food was enjoyed by all. After the feast was through, the Sturgeon Lake dancers demonstrated their magnificent dances to the guests and the observers. The round dances continued after the demonstrations. YORKTON DISTRICT We ' re having a busy summer . We' ll have ten new positions filled by the end of August: eight Community Development Workers , one Project Manager and one Secretary. These positions will be for a five month term from CEIC. We will be hosting a Y orkton District General Assembly on October 2 and 3 . At this time, we will be elec' ting District Representatives for a period of two years. Yorkton District NNADAP (National Native and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program) Co-ordinators hold a monthly meeting at the Y orkton District Chiefs Office. NNADAP Coordinator is planning a province wide workshop for youth and Elders in Saskatoon. We are waiting appro val for this project from National Health and Welfare , Canada . The eight bands in the Y orkton District are also having a busy summer. Cote Cloggers on Hot Streak! by Mary Anne Katchemonia Square dancing has once again hit the scene on the prairie provinces. It seemed that rock and roll killed "Ole Time Music'' as it had dominated in the 70's, but in the 80's square dancing has made its scene back in the country. There are 25 square dancing clubs in Saskatchewan alone, 40 in Manitoba, and 21 in Alberta. Alberta has been going the longest and Manitoba, the Red River Jig country follows next. Saskatchewan never did lose it but it is certainly coming on stron~ today. The main entertainment was fastball with its big prize money . Today square dancing competition has really big prize money with usually about $3000 going to the winner, $2000 to second, and $1000 for third. People gathered from all over the province to follow the dancing com petition which included; fiddle playing competition for men, women and children, jigging for all age categories and finally the square dance groups themselves. All of the square dancing competi- tions has been very successful to date. Councils have been using these events for raising funds for community purposes. Competition to date: • Yorkton, Saskatchewan • Regina Friendship Centre, Saskatchewan • Pine Falls Manitoba • Norway House, Manitoba • Batoche Centennial Days, Saskatchewan There have been other smaller competitions in some small communities, but these are the larger competitions. One very successful group are the Cote Cloggers, an all Indian square dance team from Cote Reserve. • • • • They placed first at: Pine Falls, Manitoba Norway House, Manitoba Y orkton, Saskatchewan The Pas, Manitoba The last event they entered, they placed second and this was at the Batoche Centennial Days, 15 miles 43 east of Rosthern, Saskatchewan. The Pas, was the most recent. This square dance group has members of various ages from 18 to 40 and over. Reports from the Cloggers state they enjoy practising three times a week. They say its like any other activity. You have to practise to be competitive. They are enjoyed by all who watch them. In Batoche, the Cloggers got an ovation of claps right through their "Break Down Routine." The Cote Cloggers are: Chief Alfred Stevenson, Linda Cote , Reggie Severight, Dolly Joseph Whitehawk, Timothy Cote, Corrine Badger, Larry Whitehawk, Stella Katchemonia, Lawrence Cote, Geraldin Cote, Judy Badger, and Joe ''Achegan'' Badger. "Good luck! Cote Cloggers," at your next competition. �Cowessess • Twelve new CMHC houses will be built this year. Cowessess has employed eight summer students. • The Indian summer classic golf tournament took place Aug. 31 - Sept. 1 at Cowessess golf club. • From the golf course. .Cowessess golf club house is located in the scenic Qu 'Appelle Valley, 22 miles north of Broadview. The club house itself consists of a licensed lounge with caf e in the comforts of air conditioning. The club house has a capacity of approximately 50 with an outside facility which can seat 20 - 30 more. The area of the Cowessess golf course is in perhaps the most picturesque part of the valley. It is the perfect place to come sit and relax or play a round of golf on our 18 hole course. Manageress Darlene Desjarlais and her staff consist of Laurie Sparvier, Rosealma Sparvier, and Marybelle Tanner in the kitchen. Gilbert Lerat in the bar is always happy to serve you. This would be the ideal place to come and relax to forget about the pressures of everyday life. We'll be looking forward to serving you for the rest of the 1985 golfing season. Hope to see you! • The KCS drop-in centre is also located on the Cowessess Reserve. The name KCS represents the three bands: Kahkewistahaw, Cowessess, and Sakimay. Counselling services are provided to any individual, family, or group who encounters problems due to alcohol or drugs. Services ex. tend throughout the three reserves as well as those band members who live in nearby towns. The KCS drop-in centre provides referral to treatment centres and transportation if needed. Co-ordinator is Wijbert Aisaican and office hours are, Monday - Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Kahkewistahaw • Kahk held its band elections on April 25. Two were nominated for the position of Chief, with Louis Taypotat elected. Sixteen were nominated for Councillors, and the seven that were elected include: U rbin Louison, Robert McKay, Bernard Bobb, Robert Alexson, Ron McKay, Eric Smoker, and Stanley Bobb. • The Kahk Band has secured funding to develop a beachfront cottage subdivision on the northeast end of Round Lake. Stage 1, which they are now in, includes surveying and building of an access road as well as land clearing and beach front development. • A night watchman and a maintenance man have been hired to work full-time for the band. • A fire inspector has been hired by the Y orkton District Chiefs Council to inspect homes and band buildings, and to ensure that fire safety standards are being followed. • A housing co-ordinator has also been hired to co-ordinate construction of new homes. • Seven new homes have been approved, and construction is now underway. The contract was awarded to G.A. Construction ofYorkton. • The five homes designated as RRAP homes (Rural Rehabilitation Assistance Program) have all been completed and the band is now awaiting funding for the new RRAP projects. • • Kahk Band held their 2nd annual • Onjuly 16, 25 ladies participated pow-wow on Aug. 23 - 25 at the fair · in a horticulture tour in Regina. The grounds. tour included dinner at a Chinese • On Aug. 22, the Kahk Band ofrestaurant, a double-decker bus tour ficially held the grand opening of the of W ascana Parkway, a tour of new administation and health comW ascana greenhouses, and a tour of plex. The building is divided into two Lumsden market gardens. The trip parts: the administration section havwas enjoyed by all. Thanks to Phyllis ing a reception area, five offices, and Olynk and SIAP from the Kahk a conference room. The health side of ladies. the building has one office for the CHR, one dental lab, a doctor's examining room, and a large waiting area. Both share common entrances. • Under the Youth Access Pro• The Kahk Band has been holding gram, six youths between the ages of bingos in the education and sports 16 and 24 were hired for 24 weeks. complex. As of March, the band has • Under the Summer Student taken over dabber bingo. Bingos are Employment Program, nine students held twice a week in the summer and were hired for a period of eight weeks. three times a week during the winter. • Indian Government workshops Profits are split 60/40 between sponare being held once a month. sor and band. Kahk's share of the money raised goes to support sports, • Construction on the new fire hall nursery school and kindergarten, and has been completed, and a new fire the pow-wow. People from surrountruck has been moved in. ding reserves and from neighbouring • There are approximately 10 towns attend. houses to be built on Keeseekoose. • In sports, the Kahk Eagles have Phase 5 of CMHC Housing is to completed their second year in the begin. Mainline Fastball League. The band • New sports grounds were comhosted an eight-team tournament, pleted in time for the annual giving out $750 in prize money. Keeseekoose Sports Day, Aug. 31 Ochapowace won the tournament. Sept. 1. Some events held were men's • The J ayhawks (bantam 16 and and ladies fastball, and horse racing. under) participated in the provincial • Treaty day was on Aug. 20. fastball playoffs in Regina on July 27 • Keeseekoose Fun Day was held -28 , and also at the Indian Summer Aug. 31. It included local track and Games Aug. 5 - 8. We received a field such as foot races, long jump, silver medal in fastball, a gold in (continued on page 46) volleyball, and a bronze in soccer. Keeseekoose 44 �Ochapowace • Twenty students graduated from the Dale Carnegie Course on Public Relations. This course ran for 15 weeks. • Marieval School is rece1vmg a quarter-million dollars for renovations. • Cree 100 class starts on Sept. 5. This will consist of 13 weeks of evening classes, and it is open to Ochapowace band members. • Lonesome Prairie has contracts to build six houses on Cowesses and six at Ochapowace. The company has just purchased a new crusher for their sand and gravel industry. • Ochapowace has provided employment for 13 students this summer. • A welcome to Janet Brule - the new Lonesome Prairie employee. • The community health represen- tatives have formed a health committee, consisting of seven volunteers and one elder. Meetings are set for the first Wednesday of each month. • Clinic day was on July 17. • Treaty day was onJuly 5. There was a ball tournament, a pig scramble, coconut throw, and a wheel of fortune; lots of fun for everyone. • Louis Kenny, co-ordinator, Ochapowace counselling and referral cnetre visited the Alkali Band in B. C. on May 26 -June 1; along with Elmer George and Eugene Still. The Alkali Band was celebrating the progress that their band has made in the past 15 years, giving their example of how caring and teamwork can breed success. • In minor sports, the ball season has come to an end. Ten teams played in the league, providing fun and ex- citement for approximately 90 children. • Land entitlement committee<met on July 17, and discussed land selections. • Natural gas will be provided to approximately 25 homes on the reserve. Plans are to have natural gas service to all the homes. • Congratulations to Barry Henry on his Grade 12 graduation from Marieval. • Congratulations to Florence Watson on receiving a certificate in administration from the University of Saskatchewan. • Construction on the Ochapowace community centre has started. • The Ochapowace Power Chiefs are having a great season in the Mainline Fastball League. Sakimay CONCEPTPLAN ShesheepIndianReserve !,.".-....,.- Crooked Lake AD\'fNTU~~ ., , ... ~~Sid, ~ • Construction is over 50% complete on CMHC housing for 1985-86. There are seven \.new houses being built this year. • Sakimay Land Authority and Wigamik Construction moved into a new office building. • Extension to band office (multipurpose building) should be complete next month. This building will house the councillors in four rtew offices, plus for storage. • Premier Grant Devine visited on July 23 to view the reserve and SLA (Sakimay Land Authority). • A pow-wow was held on Sakimay Reserve at the end of June. A good time was had by all. Sakimay Land Authority • Sakimay Land Authority began operations in June 1983 with a grant from CEIC in Regina. SLA is responsible for land administration, recreation, and agriculture. They handle all leasing and administration. • Welcome to new accountant Sandra Jackson, a graduate from S.T.I. in Moose Jaw. • Wigamik Construction, a subsidiary company of SLA employs 40 people. They have a contract with Cowesses for six houses, and Sakimay for seven houses. Construction will be complete by the end of the fiscal year. • Sakimay community pasture, 45 another subsidiary of SLA provides service of community pasture on behalf of the band. Cattle are taken in, custom pastured, and a fee is charged per head. Fifty dollars per season per cow and calf, and 8,300 acres of pasture land is being used in 1986, it will increase to 10,800 acres. This operation employs a manager and three full-time workers. • SLA has submitted an application to the Native Economic Development Program for a year-round resort "Basadinaa". "Basadinaa": is a $5. 5 million project; has a 15-month construction phase; has confirmed investors; have financial commitments from provincial Secretariat and �Sakimay Band. It will feature a campground, mini-golf, water slide, yearround outdoor heated pool, tennis courts, a public beach and picnic area, paddle boats, boat rentals, a lodge equipped with 12 attached rooms, 30 detached light-housekeeping units, a restaurant and lounge with banquet facilities, a convenience store, and a laundromat. Nearby attractions would be the Last Oak 18-hole golf course and Ochapowace Ski Resort, both of which are undergoing renovations. • The proposed resort has received favorable reaction by surrounding communities and associations. It would boost the economy in the valley and provide business spin-offs for the surrounding towns. • SLA is also in the implementation stages of a market garden project. It is expected to employ six women from the reserve. Also planned is a horticultural course this winter. • SLA is in the planning stages of forming a building supplies company. It will employ two full-time people, and one part-time. and faculty celebrated graduation with a supper at the Moosehead Inn. The theme was '' A New Beginning and A New Direction". A total of 250 people attended this supper. The following were at the head table: Chris Ehikhamen, Principal; Chief Brian Standingready, Director; Irvin Hudyma, Indian Affairs, Yorkton; Armand McArthur, chairperson, school committee; Bill Standingready, senator and ex-Chief; Joyce Lamb, a pre-84/85 graduate from Carlyle and also a university graduate; and Ken Standingready, master of ceremonies. Presentations and commendations were made. Exemplary commendation was made to Mike Coderre for his patience and ingenuity in counselling the grade 12 grads. Mike is a grade 12 teacher. Other teachers were recognized for their efforts and achievements. Mrs. Lamb made a touching presentation, honoring this historic occasion - the first two students to graduate directly from the schools of Whitebear. Congratulations to Gilbert Lonechild and Barry Standingready! Grad ceremonies were held June 16, at 1 p.m. at the Whitebear pow-wow complex and at the Moose Head Inn in Kenosee Lake. • Graduates from other institutions were: Marion Standingready, Social Services; Barbara Hoostie, Bachelor of Arts; Jerri Lynn McArthur, Grade 12, Lebret Indian Residential School; and Fonda Shepherd, also a grade 12 student at Lebret. Tyzia Crystal Keshane Whitebear • Congratulations to Chief Brian Standingready and wife on their new addition to the family. • Construction has begun on a new school on Whitebear. • Work has also begun on a golf course. The first nine holes, Whitebear Estates will be opening nextJuly. A submission has also been made for a mini-golf course. • The Moose Mountain Friendship Centre hosted a men's fastball tournament Aug. 17 - 18. • Whitebear had an exciting powwow July 12-14. At the saCTe time, a ball tournament was held. Mixed Whitebear Cubs, including 12 and under provincial girls (winner Weyburn). Senior ladies, and men's (winner - Ochapowace). • On June 26, Whitebear students Keeseekoose (continuedfrorr1; page 44) high jump and other events. Keeseekoose-owned horse races took place at the end of the day. FUN DAY RESULTS (Foot Races) 5 and Under Girls (25 m) First - Ellen Whitehawk; second Amy Keshane; third - Tanya Severight 5 and Under Boys (25 m) First - Floyd Quewezance; second - Elton Keshane Jr. ; third - Tom Quewezance Jr. 6 - 8 Girls (50 m) First - Monica Quewezance; second - Candace Severight; third Lesley Musqua 6 - 8 Boys (5.0 m) First - Charles Keshane; second Teddy Strongquill; third - Douglas 9 - 10 Girls (100 m) 15 - 16 Boys (150 m) First - Carolee Severight; second Stephanie Fiddler; third - Laverna Quewezance First - Lindsey Keshane; second Perry Durocher; third - Dwayne Cote 9 - 10 Boys (100 m) First - Tilly Keshane; second - Lyla Keshane; third - Crystal Keshane First - Ashley Straightnose; second - Joey Straightnose; third - Robert Shin goose 17 - 18 Girls (150 m) 17 - 18 Boys (150 m) 11 - 12 Girls (100 m) First - Lindsey Keshane; second Floyd Musqua; third - Dwayne Cote First - Laureen Musqua; second Loretta Kakakaway; third - Stephanie Fiddler First - Theresa Keshane; second Caroline Flett; third - Violet Keshane 11 - 12 Boys (100 m) First - Kevin Strongquill; second Enock Quewezance; third - Bradley Quewezance 20 and Over Ladies (50 m) 20 and Over Men (50 m) First - Joseph Musqua; Alvin M usqua; third Quewezance second - Greg 13 - 14 Boys (150 m) 30 and Over Men (50 m) First - Desi Desnomie; second John Kakakaway Jr.; third - Kevin Strongquill First - Alvin Musqua; second - Ernie Keshane; third - Bill KeshaneJr. 15 - 16 Girls (150 m) First - Ernie Keshane; second - Bertie Quewezance First - Lyla Keshane; 46 second - 35 and Over Men (50 m) �ENTERTAINMENT Indian Pow-wow: Still Going Strong by Archie King During the summer months , many Indian grass dancers put on their colorful regalia and participate in the various pow-wow' s throughout Indian land. In the northwest area, a total of four pow-wow's were hosted by Indian reserves includng Poundmaker, Onion Lake, Thunderchild, and most recently Red Pheasant. Participating in Saskatchewan Heritage 1985 commemorating the 80th anniversary as a province in the Dominion of Canada, the Century of the North West Rebellion, Century of Peace , or Saskatchewan Youth Year to encourage, support and appreciate our youth, the Indian Bands were able to get a piece of the action. At Onion Lake, delivering his welcoming address Chief Leo Paul extended his invitat~on to the many dancers and spectators to participate in the memorial pow-wow and gave praise to his council and committee for a job well done. The many dancers and drummers from the various reserves in Canada and the USA were competing for a total of $75,000 in prize money. Participants are awarded points for joining the grand entry, dancing in intertribal and showing dancing ability throughout the two-day extravaganza. Also, young ladies share the limelight competing for the honor of pow-wow princess for the year, turning over the title the following year. Gail Raine from Hobbema, Alta. won the title followed by Geraldine Chief of Onion Lake, and Shannon Moosepayo of Kehewin, Alta. The winner was determined by ticket sales. At Poundmaker, District Manager Ray Martin, an Ojibway Indian, officially of Indian Affairs started Chief Poundmaker Memorial Pow-wow while earlier attending the honoring of a Nez Perce warrior killed during the rebellion. The American Indian from the Lapaway Reserve, Idaho, were special guests of the hosting reserve during the pow-wow. During the pow-wow a special feast held for their brother was witnessed by many. During the grand entry many of the official party, whom earlier participated at the honoring of the American warrior, included Chief Lawrence Weenie, Col. Gil Bellavance, Mabel Simpson, and the RCMP. As many as 500 dancers and drummers shared the $15,000 in prize money. Also, the John Tootoosis Memorial Special was won by Richard Peafpybitty from Lanton, Okla. during the dancing of the men's traditional contest. The young ladies were also running for the Miss Poundmaker -Junior and Senior titles. Contestants were 47 judged on a speech regarding their heritage, dancing ability and ticket sales. Charlene Baptiste was awarded Miss Junior Poundmaker, and Corrine Tootoosis, Sr. Miss Poundmaker 1985. At Thunderchild, as many as 500 - 600 dancers were hoping to share the $15,000 in prize money and drummers with $4,500 in prize money . Entering its 26th annual extravaganza, Thunderchild has probably established a record in Indian land but also entered the computer age by having the dancing results available in minutes. During its princess pageant, the junior pow-wow title was won by Sky Blue Angus followed by Maria Standingwater, Christine Okanee , and Charlotte Wapass, while the senior pow-wow title was won by Cenarin Weekusk, followed by Ruby Blackbird and Florence Wapass. The dancing results from Red Phesant Pow-wow were not available at press time. �Onion Lake Boy's Traditional First - Greg Horse, Onion Lake, Sask.; second - Bobby Hunter, Morinville; third - Leon Whitstone Onion Lake, Sask.; fourth - Lambert Hunter, Morley, Alta. Teen Boy's Fancy First - Valdis Joe, Montezuma Cree, USA; second - Randy Fourhoms, Piapot, Sask.; third - Darwin Chief, Onion Lake, Sask.; fourth - Merle Thunderchild, Thunderchild, Sask. Ladies Fancy First - Joy Anderson, St. Michael, North Dakota; second - Lisa Ewack, White Bear, Sask.; third - Lillian Crier, Kehewin, Alta.; fourth Lenora Thompson, Sintaluta, Sask.; fourth - Tracy Nioore, Oklahoma, USA Men's Fancy First - Crazy Horse Bison, Oklahoma, USA; second - Mary Pinnecoose, Salem, Ore.; third - Dan Yazie, Shiprock, New Mexico; fourth - Denniz Zotigh, Albuquerque, New Mexico; fourth- Boyd Ladd, Wisconsin, USA Teen Girls Traditional First - Ramona Meanus, Warm Springs, Ore.; second - Shirley Ann Thunderchild, Thunderchild, Sask.; third - Elizabeth Standingwater, Thunderchild, Sask.; fourth - Oneida Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore. Ladies Traditional First - Rhonda Delorme, Broadview, Sask. ; second - Amelia Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore.; third Thomasine Moore, Oklahoma, USA; fourth - Ruth Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; fifth - Tina Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask. Teen Boy's Traditional First - Jason Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask.; second - Jordan Williams, Wal pole Island, Ont.; third - Grieves Pousette, Morley, Alta.; fourth - Derek Half, Saddle Lake, Alta. Men's Traditional First - Charles Favel, Rocky Boy, Mont.; second - Bamone Yazzie, Window Rock, Arizona; third Lauren Wolfe, Hobbema, Alta.; fourth - James Standingwater, Thunderchild, Sask.; fifth - Mike Stillday, Ponemah, Minn. Teen Girls Fancy First - Suzette Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; second - Gayle Raine, Hobbema, Alta.; third - Norine Saddleback, Hobbema, Alta.; fourth Candace Anderson, St. Michael, North Dakota DANCING CONTEST WINNERS Girls Fancy First - Lily Meanus, Warm Springs, Ore.; second - Vanessa Sadclleback, Hobbema, Alta.; third Caroline Lightning, Hobbema, Alta.; fourth - Deana Alexson, Regina, Sask. Boy's Fancy First - Kenneth Joe, Montezuma Creek, USA; second - Craig Lewis, Onion Lake, Sask; third - Cory Alexson, Regina; fourth - Bradley McGilvery, Saddle Lake, Alta. Girls Traditional First - Kendra Joe, Montezuma Creek, USA; second - Jeannie Moosepayo, Kehewin, Alta.; third Yvonne Benjoe, Muscowpetung, Sask.; fourth - Pixie Quinney, Frog Lake, Alta. Teen Boy's Grass Dance First - Lloyd Yellowbird, Alexander; second - Kelly Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask.; third - Clayton Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask.; fourth - Nolin Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask. 48 �Men's Traditional First - Sam Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore.; second - Walter Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; third - Cliff Thompson, Standing Buffalo, Sask.; fourth - Gordon Dreaver, Big River, Sask.; fifth - Albert Buglar, Edmonton, Alta. Men's Grass Dance First - Lawrence Trottier, Onion Lake, Sask.; second - Sedrick Baker, Mandaree, North Dakota; third - Bert Benson, Red Pheasant, Sask.; fourth - Delford Saddleback, Hobbema, Alta.; fifth - Willis Packineau, Newton, North Dakota Ladies Team Dancing First - Lisa Ewack, Thomasine Moore and Ruth Bull Pound maker DANCING CONTEST WINNERS First Springs, Wapass, - Alaine Girls Fancy - Lily Meanus, Warm Ore.; second - Isabella Thunderchild, Sask.; third Raine, Hobemma, Alta . Boy's Fancy First - Riel Morrisseau, Manito Rapids, Ont.; second - Kelly Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask.; third - Langon Goforth, Regina, Sask. Girls Traditional First - Keshay Pisen Ahenakew, Shellbrook Agency, Sask.; second Dawn Slickpoo, Kamiah, Idaho; third - Tisa Pinkham, Lenore, Idaho Teen Boy's Fancy First - Clayton Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask.; second - Delbert W a pass , Thunderchild , Sask.; third - Shawn Baker, Mandaree, North Dakota Teen Girls Traditional First - Mona Meanus, Warm Springs, Ore.; second - Aryance Totus, Yakima, Wash.; third - Dee Dee Standingready, Whitebear, Sask. Teen Boy's Traditional First Time Rose Bluff, M uscowpetung, Sask. ; second Barclay McNabb, Cordons, Sask.; third - Stanley Asapace, Poormans, Sask. Boy's Traditional First - Blue Jay Slickpoo, Kamiah, Idaho; second - Ben Dischamps, Hobemma, Alta.; third - Tony Asapace, Poormans, Sask. Ladies Fancy First - Lisa Ewack, Whitebear, Sask.; second - Selina Johnson, Yakima, Wash.; third - Lenora Thomson, Carry the Kettle, Sask.; fourth - Denise Gagne, Yellowknife, NWT Teen Girls Fancy First - Suzette Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; second - Qweinda Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore.; third - Gayle Raine, Hobemma, Alta. Men's Fancy First - Crazy Horse Bison, Sayre, Oklahoma; second - Alvin Windyboy, Rockyboy, Mont.; third - Les Goforth, Regina, Sask.; fourth - Marty Pinnecoose, Salem, Ore. \. 49 Men's Team Dancing First - Marty Pinnecoose, Walter Bull, and Melvin Thunderchild Drummers First - High Noon; second - Grey Horse; third - Stoney Park; fourth Bobtail; fifth - Eagle Society; sixth Muscowpetung Ladies Traditional First - Hazel Ahenakew, Shellbrook Agency, Sask.; second - Amelia Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore.; third Linda Standing, Whitebear, Sask.; fourth - Dianna Goodwill, Ft. Qu' Appelle, Sask. Men's Traditional First - Richard Poafpy Kitty, Lawton, Okla.; second - Frank McKay, Sioux Valley, Man.; third Sam Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore.; fourth - Walter Bull, Little Pine, Sask. Men's Grass Dance First - Jo Sam Scabby Robe, Browning, Mont.; second - Melvin Thunderchild, Thunderchild, Sask.; third - Wade Baker, Mandaree ·, North Dakota; fourth - Gerald Baptiste, Red Pheasant, Sask. 0000 �Sakimay Teen Girls Fancy First - Maxine Y ahaha · second Deanna Alexson; third ' - Jackie Thomson Teen Girls Traditional First - Dee Dee Standingready; second - Susan Pewean; third - Kisa Pisim Ahenakew Ladies Fancy First - Carla Taylor; second - C .J. Hall; third - Yvette Ewack " Ladies Traditional First - Dianne Goodwill; second Hazel Ahenakew ; third - Gaye Sparvier DANCING CONTEST WINNERS Boy's Traditional First - Darcy Anaquod; second Preston Gaywish; third - Dean Kenny Boy's Fancy First - Landing Eagle Goforth; second - Ryan McNabb; third - Cory Alexson Teen Boy's Traditional First - Patrick McNabb; second Timothy Rosebluff, third - Barclay McNabb Teen Boy's Fancy First - Owen Lavallee; second Poncho Brady; third - Terrance Brown Girls Fancy First - Faye McNabb; second - Jenny Taylor Girls Traditional First - Gayleen Delorme; second Jolene Ironstar Men's Fancy First - Ron McNabb; second Danny McKay; third - Les Goforth Men's Traditional Fancy First - Robert Sam; second - Jim White; third - Kelly Kay Gambler Men's Traditional First - Frank McKay; second Frank Asapace; third - E.J . Smith Sturgeon Lake by Laurie Longjohn ''It was hard organizing the pow-wow but it sure paid off in the end." The highlights of the pow-wow were the contests where the dancers competed for $24,000.00 in prize money. There were 16 categories ranging from Junior Girls Traditional to Men's Golden Age. The contests were held by point system where the judges were handpicked from the audience. The Six and Under Boys and Girls got paid daily. They will be our future champions . Kelly Daniels from Sturgeon Lake showed his technique in doing the hoop dance. Daniels is the son of Terry Daniels who is only nine years old and started the hoop dance only recently. The biggest pow-wow Sturgeon Lake ever held was on July 18 - 21, 1985. Four Canadian provinces and 15 American states attended the threeday celebration. Over 400 dancers participated in intertribals and contest sessions. They also participated in the Grand Entry which gave the dancers extra points. The Grand Entry was a colorful event where the Canadian and American flags led the procession. The Chief and Council and the powwow committee, other Chiefs and dignitaries followed behind as well as the visiting princesses. A few words of welcome were said by Chief Wesley Daniels and president of the pow-wow committee Terry Daniels. Elder Georges Ermine said a prayer of welcome and wished a nice stay to all visitors. The president, Terry Daniels, said: We cannot forget the drummers that supplied the music for both dancers and spectators. There were 16 registered drums coming from both the USA and Canada. The Canadian host drum were the Bobtail Singers 50 �from Hobbema, Alta. The host drum for the USA were the White River Singers from White Rocks, Utah. There was also a princess pageant where nine young girls competed for the crown. They all showed good effort throughout the three days. The princess, to represent Sturgeon Lake, was picked on the last day. The third runner-up was Ruby Badger, second runner-up to Shannon Felix, and the newly-elected princess for the 1985-86 pow-wow season was Wanita Bird. The three girls each received a bouquet of flowers and a trophy. There was a 24-hour security system in effect, and absolutely no drugs and alcohol was allowed on the grounds. As well, security did not allow any ghetto-blasters blaring music at all hours of the night so campers could get some decent sleep. They did a fine job. There was a give-away on the last day, where a lot of items were given away. A supper w~s also held every evening for the visitors. M.C. 's for the event were Allen Joe Felix, Sturgeon Lake, and Eric Tootoosis, from Poundmaker Reserve. Vice-president Willi Ermine commented: ''The 14th annual Sturgeon Lake Pow-wow was a major success by most definitions. The celebrations attracted approximately 4,000 people from Canada and the United States. The weather during the pow-wow was excellent providing sunshine throughout the three-day event. ''The spirit of the pow-wow was evident in these celebrations. The drums and singers had their own special sound, and the dancers were almost mystical in their movements. The crowds were pleased and above all, the smell of sweetgrass and the elder' s pipe ceremonies were a bless- · ing that all went well during the encampment. '' Observations of the events and happenings during the pow-wow told one that we, as Indian people, are blessed with so much. We know the pow-wow is a continuity of a gift that the Creator gave to us. Seeing young and old alike cherishing this gift is a testament that our ways are not dying. We know that the spirit pow-wow heals our sorrows and loneliness. To see people within the circle being prayed for gives a very solemn feeling of thanks. To see a 79-year-old elder dance his farewell dance to the pow-wow is enough to say this occasion was a success. We saw visitors from all over smiling and saying: this is beautiful land, this is a good powwow. We had this in the Sturgeon Lake Pow-wow and more - much more.'' 51 The organizers would like to thank all. the people who came to celebrate, pray and make new friends. A special thank you to all district people who helped in different ways for they too, will get blessing for their efforts. See you next year! DANCING CONTEST WINNERS Junior Girls Traditional First ($100. 00) Sekwun Ahenakew, Sandy Lake, Sask.; second ($75.00) - Sherman Fourhorns, Regina, Sask.; third ($50.00) Yvonne Benjoe, Muscowpetung, Sask.; fourth ($20.00) - Leslie Bear, Regina, Sask. Junior Girls Fancy First ($100.00) - Lillie Meanus, Warm Springs, Ore.; second ($75.00) - Linnette Kyplain, Onion Lake, Sask.; third ($50.00) - Terry McNabb, Cordons, Sask.; fourth ($20.00) - Carrie Cyr, Cordons, Sask. Junior Boy's Traditional First ($100.00) - Jason Tapaqun, Regina, Sask.; second ($75.00) Toney Crow, Poorman, Sask.; third ($50.00) - Winston Kay, Quinton, Sask.; fourth ($20.00) - Darcy Anaquod, Muscowpetung, Sask. �Men's Traditional First ($1,000.00) - Walter Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; second ($600.00) Austin Kaye, Quinton, Sask.; third ($300.00) - Cecil Nepoose, Pigeon Lake, Alta.; fourth ($100.00) Douglas Standing Rock, Rocky Boy, Mont. Men's Grass Dance First ($1,000.00) - Gerald Baptiste, Red Pheasant, Sask.; second ($600. 00) - Delford Saddle back, Hobemma, Alta.; third ($300.00) Malcolm Daniels, ·sturgeon Lake, Sask.; fourth ($~00.00) - Lawrance Trottier Jr., Onion Lake, Sask. Junior Boy's Fancy First ($100.00) - Lang Goforth, Regina, Sask.; second ($75.00) - Peter Fourhorns, Regina, Sask.; third ($50.00) - Ryan McNabb, Gordons, Sask.; fourth ($20.00) - Sheldon Standing Water, Thunderchild, Sask. Teen Girls Fancy First ($500.00) - Lavina Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore.; second ($400.00) - Suzette Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; third ($300. 00) - Burnette Asapace, Poorman, Sask.; fourth ($100.00) - Noreen Saddleback, Hobbema, Alta . Teen Girls Traditional First ($500.00) - Kishey Pisim Ahenakew, Sandy Lake, Sask.; second ($300.00) - Ramone Meanus, Warm Springs, Ore.; third ($200.00) - Qua Acoose, Broadview, Sask.; fourth ($100.00) - Olivia Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore. Men's Fancy First ($1,000.00) - Boyd Ladd, Wisconsin, USA; second ($600.00) Les Goforth, Regina, Sask.; third ($300.00) - Marty Pinnecoose , Salem, Ore.; fourth ($100.00) - Ron McNabb, Gordons, Sask. Ladies Golden Age First ($500.00) - Ruth Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; second ($300.00) - Betty Bear, Regina, Sask.; third ($200.00) - Emma Ironchild, Little Pine, Sask.; fourth ($100.00) - Bertha Bear, Little Pine, Sask. Teen Boys Traditional First ($500.00) - Patrick McNabb, Gordons, Sask.; second ($300.00) Stanley Asapace, Poorman, Sask.; third ($200.00) - Timothy Rosebluff, Muscowpetung, Sask .; fourth ($100.00) - Jason Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask. Men's Golden Age First ($500.00) - Joe Poorman , Poormans, Sask.; second ($300.00) Henry Beaudry, Mosquito, Sask.; third ($200.00) - Alec Poorman , Poormans, Sask.; fourth ($100.00) - Alfred Snake , Sandy Lake , Sask. First place winners also receive a trophy. Teen Boys Grass Dance First ($500.00) - Matthew Ironman, Regina, Sask.; second ($300.00) - Kelly Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask.; third ($200.00) - Clayton Daniels, Sturgeon Lake, Sask.; fourth ($100.00) - Trevor Ewack, Whitebear, Sask. Teen Boys Fancy First ($500.00) - John D. Reyos, White Rocks, Utah; second ($300.00) -· Thomas Ironman, Regina, Sask.; third ($200.00) - Randy Fourhorns, Piapot, Sask.; fourth ($100.00) Harold Benjoe Jr., Muscowpetung, Sask . Ladies Fancy First ($1,000.00) - Lisa Ewack, White Bear, Sask.; second ($600.00) - Tina Bull, Little Pine, Sask.; third ($300.00) - Lillian Crier, Kehewin, Alta.; fourth ($100.00) - Celeste Tootoosis, Poundmaker, Sask. Ladies Traditional First ($1,000.00) Hazel Ahenakew, Sandy Lake, Sask.; second ($600.00) - Rhoda Delorme, Broadview, Sask.; third ($300.00) Pauline Standing Rock, Rocky Boy, Mont.; fourth ($100.00) - Gaye Sparvier, Broadview, Sask. 52 The visiting princesses were: • Miss Sakimay: Gina Lavallee, Broadview, Sask. • Miss Suzette Bull, Little Pine, Sask. • Miss Salt Lake Pow-wow Princess: Vidella Gould, Ft. Hall, Idaho • Miss Kahkewistahaw: Rhoda Delorme, Broadview, Sask. • Miss Queida Colwash, Warm Springs, Ore. • Miss Mona Meanus, Warm Springs, Ore. • Miss Lereana Asapace, Poormans, Sask. • Miss Uly Cardinal, Saddleback, Alta. • Miss Utah: Tammy Jenks, Utah, USA ��Book Review by Deanna Wuttunee by Brian Moore McClelland and Stewart Toronto, 1985 The story is about a Jesuit priest, Father Laforgue , who is sent into the Canadian wilderness in the 17th century to convert "savages " to the glory of God. He encounters Algonkin, Iroquois and Huron Indians. His guide, Daniel Davost , is a young multilingual Norman boy who falls in love with an Algonkin maid, Annuka. Father Laforgue is as ill equipped to deal with the Indians as he is to the harsh environment and subsistance lifestyle. Author Brian Moore's main source was the Relations which was the Jesuits reports to their superiors in France of their work among North American Indians. Moore took a novelist ' s license to produce a jaded, harsh and incredible account of Indian life and customs at the time of European contact . The book is rampant with swearing, pre-marital and extra-marital sex, hypocracy, broken promises and instances of cannibalism. Indian men swore at their wives, children , collegues and practically anything they talk about. Moore excused this as an accepted form of rough banter. Absurd! '' I never came across any swearing when I read some of the volumes. But that was a few years ago.' ' said Sister Rose Marcuzzi, a professor at the University of Saskatoon. In reference to cannibalism, she said: "There was cannibalism in certain tribes like chewing off fingers ( torture of enemies). In one instance that I recall, Indian leaders ate the heart of a particularly strong and courageous missionary, (in a bit to gain these attributes from him) , but never for the sake of cannibalism, ' ' she added. Indian history is a testament to the sacredness of the land and respect of nature, self and others. Brian Moore has taken a historical account of Indian life and mangled it beyong recognition to re4tin the admiration of the literary world . Blood, gore and foul language have always sold books. Father Maforgue on the other hand is portrayed as a singularly mediocre man who aspires to martydom. His attitude towards the Indian people follows a gradient from disgust to compassion and culminates in a choice between self and church . Black Robe must be read if only to renew the quest for self determination _. It is a raw historical perspective into the gulf that existed between Indians and conquerors. This cultural gulf is still here but is now hidden and embedded in society. Excerpts from the Book, ENEWUK, produced by the Sask. Indian Cultural College, (FSIN) WC>"b~6•7> 1"( 116 o-PVa.b)b• > C>P 9 U~7' P6U~•' La. a.Ji ~<Pra.> C>C Pb• ~"P V/~7Lb•' P6U~•' VdU? o-Jt< rccxCa.0 P6C)A>~ 0 o-P~rJ"Cda.> La. Co-? LrJc ~ -r <"b6•J")"~ Vb o-)<~6•> 97A- o-CV• 0 7'9~U> 9U~7' 1a. L6•J" r96•a. Vd? 1a. o-6•CL~•~·' o-C~•?1~' 6• "C~• Vd? bJCP' C>L P-o676•6•o-a.> 96• P~•o-Ca.a.0 Lb• CA"d- 66• W~•>~Lb' ~n ?a.b> 90 % PAP"96•o-a. 0 P~•o-Ca.a.0 Vd"? o-Ad S~J> C>"b7' bP"P"?r' C>L CAC6• LOUIS GUNN, COWESSESS RESERVE, 1905 In my young days, I used to spend a lot of time with the elders. They told me we never surrendered what was below the surface of the earth. My grandfather lived to be 100. He used to tell me about buffalo hunts and Indian wars. I still respect my elders and I respect Indian ceremonies. I tell my children to do the same. Our culture is almost gone, but I think it's coming back. Ninety per cent of our language is gone, too, but people are learning it, wanting to keep it. I hope the youngsters carry on. EDWARD FOX, SWEETGRASS RESERVE , 1898 L~" ~•AP"9C6• "067M~' PbP?J~•' 0P6r"9b<6•~•' CA"d- C>L bJCL> P6• ~rJ"Cna.~ 0 1CC)1Ca. 0 ~~~-' 0"7a.> .o1Ca.0 ~"P C>C' bP7° ~"6•7' ~> ~)9°~•' PbP ?J~•' PP"9< ~•76•n1' ~> V"~ ~"b•' PubJ~•' a.-17 V"~ 1"C 1 6 P~d?~•' ~~?~u ~•' r>~< 1"C 1 6 P~ <re~•' <"b• 0 J"J"?6 •7" Vb• L7° b1a. r>r SL' V"~ PP"PJ~ "S~•' Vt>rb6•C r, 1d V"V~•d 1"( 1 6 b PALr"?bdr' Vb• ~·~bb 1 n' rr•n, a."Ar~rra.o-6•0 Vb• b7" A"?"P 0 bu<6' 1"C 1 6 P1~"bd a.o-1 6• 0 ~~~p C>"b7' :"( 1 6 ~~u?~•' Lb• a.-17 PP"9~CL' "OD.7° 6"?r9?~•~ V~•dr r "C 1 6 u"d"CL~•~•' Cublb• ~nu?JCP' ~L' ba.6•~1d6•' V~•d' 9U~7 r>n"?AP"9•6•u~• 0 Whenever an Indian is going to speak, he prays to the Creator for guidance first. He must also face directly southward, as I am doing. I want to tell you of things 150 years ago. Everybody, even the old ladies, would pray outside every morning, and sometimes do a little singing. Back then, elders had very little sicknesses. People say this was because of the food they ate. The hunters would go out and kill the buffalo, then immediately slit the throat of the animal and drain some blood out of it. This was what gave a person life. The frozen food we buy today cannot do this. When an animal is killed in the hunt, some of the life within · it is passed on to us, to help us live. The young people today are smart because they have more education, but they don't know much about our Indian culture. This is where our elders are more knowledgeable. I will never let my culture go! I have fear for our young pe<iple. I hope they have sense enough to seek spiritual guidance from the elders. 1(0 54 �ELDERS BOX c.s--::>uf"~"" cS""r'i• r" .. U,, f'-t <J· 0 ,~A- ~- ~ '"'\... b6~C -c, ''A'7~·? a.. 7 Li~ L 6~CA• c•'l ·l, to~ <J"-?" <l?<l·-C loCJ· p"~ r''( f,c r~ c_-../. Cc,-?::>"Ct"'- P,,. <lcS"l~r-tS""A·C::.•') . r"')()> 1 fh~ "v>"r _vb, <.Po.-b:::>''9'7.< ~~o · ~. ~~ . L"n '-~ <1,< P'A"C A· (>a-~• 1.-Gr t>'T \7::;t,c:i_!.'fiJt.i._, 1 ~< v~.toCJ• l_.6-L-tA•'r~ a.....lti PA-6:::>"bu~ <le5"" ;A f b·.7 pc P ,~ --:>CJ7 )( Pc a....~<r 7""° Ct0! P 1?L d' ~ '''7A·'7"> . VP ~u?-,-JA· ?t;?.-: Pc; A?"<S"A.· "!~ ~LrJ r "')v'.J AC < d~ V C \ ac ~II r "LJ-'-" 11 Lfo t>"r <1"A, ui,..t,'-7" <t b<T·C L ..:::t• '7 " 4 by Smith Atimoyoo r"c ''A· Q_ '"' /\ lo,'-'?· ? .. C''f' p 'v' Lrd o PA•(' n \) a.. 0pA p" 9. A·A· 6 0-'! P<•6 b 4-a! '.!.qO v'-7 pb·, "1!o~- ~ .cq, 6'" t}c,. F CJc:<1r--r 4-._-<J ·, r,.. C"A f>n9r- C LA·., <1~<,1., ~fo C P"' P bU.... a.2( 0 L20...-66'".IC ~6.. 11 0 11 This is Indian Corner. A reminder that there is a very valuable cog in the good Indian living of yesteryears. We may consider this as old stuff which is best forgotten now and let's get on with new ways to improve our Indian community's economy, spiritual awakening and so forth. But , in this process let us not forget those important va lues. Those values helped us through struggles which had tremendous odds against us to the point, where some thought, " What is use of trying to be a good Indian?' ' It seems that in our tender years of youth, because we are robust, strong and so full of life, we tend to forget our Elders and wlm.t they stand for . The facts, knowledge and wisdom they possess are very precious. This cannot be found any in our Books of Knowledge. In our small way, in this comer, we want to introduce real people who helped to restore and understand pride in our lndianess. There is nothing wrong with being an Indian - a good Indian. So from now on we'll be seeing pictures of our Mooshums and Kookums. Let us be proud of them. C7'6 tS '' A fd"Ct'•trJ.<1.-"' rtr·r>c:r-?-o cv, r"'1Pfo: 1 ~c(o,"'9;' r(f'"'-7 A: ?<S' 0 'l~~" John Sokaywaypinace c <l (' < ~. Pc.,?--o c,,()"J<S 1,, vJu r" rec"' t>tC~ r:-~''.t:.d --v'7d"r t> 9 " u~ '7, LP' o,.. Cc p 7 /\ r CL..bf)Jo_<l•..., fi'" 6 <tr\ • p, V\O.Ce S'oKc.'-\ Ill.)~ j°"'~ AC.o t==--"r..::::t~· , "·~'7• t7 n "(" p,..~?-" C.d(O ~':6~•~\S'" <J ~ be 0 ~"A'7~? ..CA·0C•o /\'o-~'-, . 0 <lb~ PL<l·"P ~re "~7,,.• '/A · r''A'v· v1tJ''r ~du bu"°l bf>PrUr-Cd~1 • fr~ pt>::>u,c . AP•U ~:>u~· <Jt.,?'<:J· Ar'\J <:1bfn<'!.(j"b' fe>"cc!l·fJ lo'1"' -4rJ6·a.. r~ c")r> Jprc..,-~-A?-6"~.A•., r .. '\ 1 Pio'- v fnPe' 9 ....1 o'-7Q.." bA· r /\ fn 9• u 7 ~ 5'~? ..:>'C~-, C., i> lc:A·6..u• 'c,, Plo· laP"P ...o't L9,. ~.;c ~ U·"' f 'Vltd''r t>" Ioli rrr A·'1 v.o p L) "Cf\" fc 11 0 J\ p, u Q<<. P~9- ✓ PAt'>U"C. A O v'<< ~-.< L" 11 b...o 'u p,. <rr CL 6.·'-7 P{-'n'1'?'0 ,c Q-,J 7 c;,- r <f. ~ r C. • "' r 6~ n vb.? r" br ~., Prr 1 ~ c...e n C' 6 <lr7 • <f\ 2 to,:rV/\,.X (:>(' (\/\"bo v' ..c:::1'•<:i•<~r...1 llo-- ~.J7 ri,.70 bo..-V-~L '=]"u<J~--- l:,bc1..Q•r-Oi'r' vJu ~··r bf'?r,..c LM <f<l• ~ t=>9''LJ<r?-ra...'t> ~ b "\ r>JC;, -qo....r -z:> A 9'7,,. <J <S ''A br'-,;,~f t>-Pf' <;r"C....J ~·o q,o Pb' ZX:.?t>rcs"L . C. 7 ,., V C "d::) 6''7"' t>''r 1 11 II(: 6 11 1 1 .:) 0 11 f c,·v~~ rc:1.:<1 • .. "v'7JL-"CS°-'Cc f[,c. f..J<1c. ~-"'1. vt,6. <t • \ci- f£.,.q•<L4•o JC.' b d "J, c' " 9•<:1.f..:?J,. 55 ,.c. \. c.d f 'i .tJ <Jr- r ~ <1~,;,=,9.0 �WARNING as I was driving down the road. awn ts coming, sun will shine 'Singing are the birds " Children's laughter, dishes clatter it is morning They are up Thank you Lord, I am alive -Judy Bear We are Together -Judy Bear SaskatchewanIndians and other Can-Indian Bands - P 0 R T P T N Unite together and Propose to the Federal Government and to the Prime Minister Of Canada, to Ratify a delegateto be present in The 198 7 Constitutional talks. - People assemble and contemplate - Trusting your leaders to - Negotiate for A - Auspic of the treaties. 56 �SASKATCHEWAN ~~~ ~~- \, ~, Uran ium City • ~/)~~~ ~- :::J··•' '{~ -~, -~;. I 1 ~gJ, BANDS/DISTRICTS Q Fond du Lac Q _& - -31- , . @) '·" - ~ ~ ?J1/ t r ' b ~- Lac La H ache LAKE DISTRICT Peter Ballantyne Portage La Loche YORKTON DISTRICT Q Whitebear 0chapowace Kahkewistahaw Cowessess Sakimay Cote Key Keeseekoose Q PRINCE ALBERT DISTRICT MEADOW 0 Loon Lake SASKATOON Q I River Canoe Lake Q Lac La Ronge Josep h Bighead Q waterhen 0 0 Flying Dust 0 e Meadow Lake Island Lake Little Pine & Luckyman Moosomin Mosquito Onion Lake Poundmaker Red Pheasast Saulteaux Sweetgrass Thunderchild Lake 0 MEADOW SHELLBROOK AGENCY Whi tefish Lake Big River O nion Q . Pelican Lake Thunde rchi ld NORTH BATTLEFORD DISTRICT Sandy Lake" e Young Q- Chippewa Muskeg Lake Littl e Pine I O OI IMooso m in Q Po un dmake r Q ~ed Earth Q YORKTON DISTRICT John Smith Q Beardy Q 's & Okemasis Q - Kinistino SASKATOON Q Nut Lake DISTRICT r Saskatoon Pheasant House Shoal Lake o One Arrow Sweetg rass Q '\. Lake Q Fishing Lake Q I • I FORT QU 'APPELLE/FILE HILLS/TOUCHWOOD DISTRICT 0 Key O Keesee koose Cote Day Star 10 Moosewoods 0 Mos qu ito Poorman Q QMu skowek w an OG I Yorkton o r do ns • Lit t le St ar Blan ket Bla ck Bea r Cow essess O O"o ('1ok anese O O Kahkewistahaw Pia pot Q Q (51_.. Q Q ~ QP ee peek1s1s Sak imay I Mu sco wp etun g SHELLBROOK AGENCY Big River Pelican Lake Sandy Lake Stand ing Buff alo • Regina Pasqua Q I Ochapowace Carr y The Ket t le Q N ikaneet FORT QU 'APPELLE/FILE HILLS/TOUCHWOOD DISTRICT 0 Whitebear Q Wood Mountain LAKE DISTRICT Canoe Lake Island Lake Joseph Bighead Loon Lake Portage La Loche Tumor Lake Waterhen English River Flying Dust Buffalo River Q O Sturgeon Q W ah pe to n,. () James SmithRed Mistawasis Q Prince _Albert North Battleford & Lucky m an O .,. Q e Cumberland Mont rea l Lake 0 O Sau Iteaux PRINCE ALBERT DISTRICT C\ DISTRICT Beardy 's & Okemasis John Smith Kinistino Mistawasis Moosewoods Muskeg Lake Nut Lake One Arrow Young Chippewa Q English River Q Buffalo Q Q Tu m or Lake NORTH BATTLEFORD DISTRICT Cumberland house Fond du Lac Lac La Ronge Montreal Lake Peter Ballantyne Red Earth Shoal Lake Stony Rapids Sturgeon Lake Wahpeton James Smith Lac La Heche Sto ny Rapi d s Carry The Kettle Day Star Fishing Lake Gordons Little Black Bear Muscowpetung Muskowekwan Nikaneet Okanese Pasqua Peepeekisis Piapot Poorman Standing Buffalo Star Blanket Wood Mo~_ rntain �SASKATCHEWAN INDIAN FEDERATED COLLEGE LOOK TO THE FUTURE YOUNG! DYNAMIC! CONTEMPORARY! • • • • • • • • -Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Studies Art Languages Social Work Communicating Arts Education Administration and Management Health Careers Saskatchewan Indian Federated College Room 127 College West Building University of Regina Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Toll Free 1-800-667-8060 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saskatchewan Indian Magazine Subject The topic of the resource First Nations--Saskatchewan--Periodicals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970/2011 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Saskatchewan 1970/2011 Description An account of the resource The <em>Saskatchewan Indian</em> was the official publication of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations and served as an effective communication vehicle for the First Nations in the province of Saskatchewan between 1970-2011. It provided coverage of people, issues and events both entertaining and informative throughout First Nation communities. The magazine was distributed to all First Nation communities in Saskatchewan and to all First Nation groups, organizations and institutions throughout the duration of its publication. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre<br />#305 - 2555 Grasswood Road East<br />Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T-0K1<br /><br />Phone: (306) 244-1146<br />Email: library.services@sicc.sk.ca<br />Website: <a href="https://www.sicc.sk.ca/" target="_blank" title="Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Centre" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.sicc.sk.ca/</a> Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Magazine Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saskatchewan Indian (August 1985) Subject The topic of the resource Indigenous peoples--Saskatchewan--Periodicals Description An account of the resource Contents: International FSIN, Central Americans Sign Pact By: Saskatchewan Indian Canada's First Indian Mining Exploration Co. Expanding By: Deanna Wuttunee National Erasmus, New National Chief of AFN Saskatchewan's David Ahenakew failed to retain his chieftainship in the Assembly of First Nations held in Vancouver, July 30. He lost by a narrow margin, 274-231, in the second ballot to Georges Erasmus of the Northwest Territories. By: Deanna Wuttunee PTNA may be Expanded By: Deanna Wuttunee Ahenakew on 'Leaked Document' By: Deanna Wuttunee AFN Election Results AFN Conference - Photo Journal Looking Back. . . There were seven founding members of this confederation and represented Treaty Indians from the Yukon, B.C., New Brunswick, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Saskatchewan. By: Deanna Wuttunee Indian Loan Agency Gets $2. 6 Million By: Deanna Wuttunee 'Colonial Policy' Impacts on Aboriginal Rights and Title By: Saskatchewan Indian P.A. Hosts National Assembly of Friendship Centres By: Shelley Roberts Dividing Issues By: Deanna Wuttunee First Nations Education First Nations Economic Development Objectives of the Constitutional Process Indian Government Is. . . Provincial Green Peace Movement Out to Skin Trapping Industry By: Lloyd Brass 'Circle of the Sun' Counselling Program By: Debbie Pinnay Sask. Youth Heritage Days A Success By: Shelley Roberts FSIN Economic Development Commission Letters Regional Fort Qu'Appelle/Touchwood/File Hills District Prince Albert District Fond du Lac: Economic Profile By: Deanne Wuttunee August 1985 Uranium Industry Threatens Lac La Hache By: Deanna Wuttunee August 1985 North Battleford District Grave Of Unknown Warrior Paid Homage The grave of an unknown Nez Perce warrior was commemorated and paid homage by his fellow band members from Lapaway, Idaho during the Chief Poundmaker Memorial Pow-Wow held on this Indian reserve. By: Archie King August 1985 Battle At Frenchmans Butte 1885 By: Jim Thunder August 1985 Saskatoon District Yorkton District Entertainment Indian Pow-wow Results Book Review Elders Box Poetry Front Cover: Marie Antsinen, 97, Lac La Hache Band Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-08 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations Wuttunee, Deanna King, Archie Thunder, Jim Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In Copyright Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Saskatchewan 1985-08